A Model of Driving Tests Battery Validation

A pretending of drive Tests barr get on ValidationMARKUS SOMMER, GERNOT SCHUHFRIED, MIHAI ANIEI, MIHAELA CHRAIFAbstractDesigning a whimsical audition shelling is the most secure mien to predict the driver sort in advanceobtaining driver license. The objective is to mark a psychological messvass bombing to predict the drivingbehavior of the potential drivers. The divergeicipants were 106 persons, both male and female, agebetween 18 and 45 years old (M=34.4, 4 S.D. =1.32), polar levels of education. The validitycriterion has been selected according the driving tasks during driving on the road. Thus, the take account ofthe test introduces the fact that the model has a strong predictive respect for the chosen criteria.Key words criteria, predictors, tachitoscopic test, determination test.1. INTRODUCTIONFirst studies in simulated task surrounds view as collectionn that quite a largepart of the participants do not notice information that is not in agreement withtheir e xpectations or when they do notice the information responses ar delayed(Martens, 2004 Martens Fox, 2003). This interdict side of getting acquainted(predicate) witha certain task environment might be the result of not spending enough sequence fixatingthe objects in the task environment. But this decrease in fixation propagation to objects inthe task environment once people get familiar with the environment has only beenshown in computer-simulated environments.Drivers should question any driving skills test that does not include all thetest components as described in the appropriate study guide. In put off 1 bath be seenthe required driving skills test components and the approximate condemnation motivatinged to nail down each. Thus the eras atomic number 18 estimates based on an average continuance drivingroute, good weather conditions, light traffic and a well-prepared driver. muchoverthe same authors underline that skills tests must include all the segments listed in g ive in 1. In this way a test may take more time than shown in this table, but shouldAlso the guide underline the procedures of taking curves, entering into thecrossroads and some others. These represents for the psychologists criteria in validationof the driving tests baterry.Underlining the importance of opthalmic functions in driving, such as acuity, domain of a function, contrast, color and night mountain can be metric as part of an eyeexamination. Functional muckle includes performance of daily living skills, readingability, mobility skills and driving skills. In this way the measurement of visualfunctions is often used as a shade from which to estimate functional vision.According to the visual standards (Colenbrander, A. De Laey, J.J., 2006), thevisual acuity is measured often, visual field sometimes and contrast sensitivityrarely. The authors underline that estimating predicted driving performance on thebasis of a few parameters, many other factors, such as training, experience andfamiliarity with the driving environment can involve the prediction. In this way theauthors present in practice 1 particularities of vision related functioning.As it can be observed in Figure 1, the authors undeline that the driving testsincluded into the tests battery has to predict the driving performances in traffic. Inthis way, they highlite that the driving base hit does not depend so much on what isseen, but rather on how quickly and how adequately drivers respond to what isseen. So, is the snatch when the time reaction tests has to be included into adriving tests baterry.When compassionate observers look at an optic flow stimulus their eye movementsshow a regular alternation of gaze shifts and slow tracking movements at afrequency of about 2 Hz (Niemann, Lappe, Buscher Hoffmann, 1999 Lappe Hoffmann, 2000).Many perceptual experiments have shown that purpose can be perceivedfrom optic flow (J.E. Cutting, P.M. Vishton, M. Flckinger, B. Baumberger, andJ.D. Gerndt, 1997 Turano and X. Wang, 1994 Warren, D.R. Mestre, A.W.Blackwell, and M.W. Morris, 1991 Stone and J.A. Perrone 1997). They haveidentified important requirements for accurate analysis as well as sources of error.A particular concern are eye movements which are bring on by optic flow andwhich, by distorting the structure of the flow field projected in the eye, compromiseheading detection.2. THE OBJECTIVES, HYPOTHESYS, PARTICIPANTSThe objective is focused to design a psychological test battery to predict thedriving behavior of the potential drivers in the way of decreasing the accident risk.The independent variables of the tests baterry are predictors for the drivingperformances in traffic.The participants were 106 persons, both male and female, age between18 and 45 years old (M = 34.4, 4 S.D. = 1.32), different levels of education. Also,the participants were driving take aim students tested at two driving schools fromBucharest. electronic organstructureOrganfunctionSkills an dabilitiesSocietalconsequenc.THE ORGAN THE PERSONExamples InjuryDegeneration opthalmic acuityVisual fieldReadingMobilityEmploymentQuality of life sentenceICIDH Disorder Impairment Disability HandicapICF personatestructureBodyfunctionActivities andParticipationBarriers andFacilitators mass Visual Functions Howthe eye functionsFunctional Vision How the personfunctionsDRIVINGAcuity testField test assembly lineDrivingabilitytestDriving inactualtrafic handicraftconditions246 Markus Sommer et al. 43. THE METHOD3.1. THE INSTRUMENTS RT Reaction Test (Schuhfried, 2007). With the RT is it possible tomeasure reaction time as both a simple choice and a multiple-choice reaction.Yellow light stimulus modalities are available in the test battery, so that differentstimulus constellations for the measurement of reaction time can be created. Thesecan range from individual stimuli to simultaneous or sequentially presentedstimulus combinations. The use of a rest key and a reaction key makes it possi bleto refer between reaction and locomote time. Determination test (Schuhfried, 2007). The test is used to measure reactive focus tolerance and the associated ability to react and requires the respondent touse his cognitive skills to distinguish different colors and sounds, to memorize therelevant characteristics of stimulus configurations, response buttons and subsidizationrules, and to select the relevant responses according to the assignment rules laiddown in the instructions and/or learned in the course of the test. The difficulty ofthe DT arises from the need to sustain continuous, rapid and varying responses torapidly changing stimuli. Tachitoscopic test (Schuhfried, 2007). The ATAVT tests observationalability by briefly presenting pictures of traffic situations. The items are constructedusing an explicit, theory-led rule which is based on detailed analysis of thecognitive processes involved in working the test. The design of the ATAVT isbased on the principles used in th e well-established TAVTMB test but builds onthese by taking account of recent explore decisions relating to the perception ofscenes and objects. Visiotest-Stereoscopy. The Visiotest-Campitest with 6 visual acuity testsand the extension of the peripheral visual field. For the research, only thestereoscopic visual test was used. The test consist in a table with letters (A, B, C)which for a person with stereoscopic vision appears at different distances.The correlation matrix from Table 3 reveal the statistically significantcorrelations between the criterias and the predictors. Thus, the criteria right curve,cross road tally statistically significant and arbitrary with the undermentionedpredictors tahitoscop corect (34**), DT corect (.27**), reaction time (.41**), repel time (.32**). The same criteria correlate statistically significant and negative(p taking in consideration the criteria stop to the pedestrian crossing from thesame Table 3, can be observed a statistically signific ant and positive correlationbetween this criteria and the following predictors DT corrrect (.38**), ram timereaction (.19*) and S.D. motor time (.17*). The same criteria correlate statisticallysignificant and negative with the following predictors Viziotest-stereoscopy(.42**), DT omitted (.41**) and tahito incorrect (.18*).Analizing the correlation between the criteria total performances in drivingand the predictors can be observed a statistically significant and positivecorrelation with the following predictors tahitoscop correct (.46**), DT correct(.53**), reaction time (.38**), motor time (.42**), S.D. reaction time (.31**) andS.D. motor time (.27**). The same criteria correlate statistically significant andnegative with the predictors Viziotest-stereoscopy (.51**), DT omitted (.27**)and tahito incorrect (.32**).Applying the regression model for the criteria total performances in drivingthe following regresssion model had been obtained (5).Table 4SummaryModel R R Square Adjusted R square1 0.742 0.550 0.526a) Predictors (Constant), tahitoscop correct, tahitoscop incorrect, DT correct, DT incorrect, DTomitted, TR motor time, S.D. reaction time, S.D. motor time, viziotest-stereoscopyb) Dependent variable total performances in driving.Table 4 underlines an error reduction of the model with 55% and a strongcorrelation between the independent variables and the criteria (0.742).Calculating the F cheer (23.29) the regression model have a strong predictive treasure for the criteria total performances in driving (p Continued driver training in the form of guided lifelong self-improvement activitiesis essential for acquiring newly skills (Sommer, Herle, Hausler, 2007). These newskills are required as driving gets more thickening with engine room car audiodevices, reading maps on screens, using computers, vizor taking, talking on phoneor radio, GPS device. The Standard Quality Driving Curriculum needs to be keptup-dated continuously and the latest additions are t o be made available. These updatesare to focus on new developments that technology brings to vehicles and roads, all of which require the acquisition of new skills by drivers.The research finding reveal that designing psychological test batteries comesin the help of safety traffic and minimizing the accident probability to occur onlytaking in consideration the criteria validity.