The Contribution of Martin Luther King to US Affairs free essay sample

Introduction: 1. Before 1945, the Negro community was regarded as socially inferior within the United States. 2. While slavery had been abolished in 1863 under President Lincoln, segregation was commonplace, especially in the southern sates. 3. The Jim Crow laws were in place to maintain this segregation and in 1896, the Supreme Court ruled these laws constitutional. 4. However, the growing discontentment among the Negro community, helped by the new wave of liberalism spreading throughout the US in the late 1940s, meant that pressure for change was building. 5. In the late 1950s and 1960s the movement began gathering legs through the successful cases of black Americans such as Oliver Brown and James Meredith, both backed by the NAACP. 6. However, these individual victories needed to be consolidated into one movement, the Negro community needed to become united for any significant change to occur; one man who realised this was Martin Luther King. 7. By sticking to his christian ideals and his skills as an orator, King would become one of the most iconic figures in not only the African-American community, but in the world. We will write a custom essay sample on The Contribution of Martin Luther King to US Affairs or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 2) Background of King: 1. The upbringing of Martin Luther King had a profound effect on the nature of his approach to the oppression experienced by the Negro community. 2. Throughout his life, King was lauded for his condemnation of violence, a stance most likely forged during his time in the baptist ministry and though his studying of theology in Boston. 3. From an early age King was involved in the pursuit for racial equality and served on the executive committee of the Montgomery branch of the NAACP. 4. In 1954 King became pastor of the baptist church in Montgomery and in 1955 he was awarded his PhD in theology. 5. Martin Luther King was now a very well educated and respected member of society in Montgomery, giving him a platform to begin publicly discussing his ideals. 6. The well spoken and unblemished character of Martin Luther King would go on to become the unelected leader of the civil rights movement, beginning with his involvement in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. 3) The Montgomery Bus Boycott 1. King’s involvement in the Montgomery Bus Boycott was his first contribution to the civil rights movement and to US affairs. 2. In conjunction with the NAACP taking Rosa Parks’ case to the Supreme Court, a city-wide boycott of the bus services was planned, with King asked to lead. 3. The 26-year-old Martin Luther King was elected as head of Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) with the task of overseeing and maintaining the boycott. 4. King had to travel to many different states in order to fundraise the money to fund the temporary taxi alternatives being organised by the Transportation Committee. 5. King had to maintain his peaceful resistance for over a year, before the Supreme Court ruled the segregated seating on buses unconstitutional on the 20th of December 1956. 6. The MIA subsequently called off the boycott and King, along with other civil rights leaders, sat in the front seats of a bus on the 21st of December 1956. 7. King’s well-organised and peaceful boycott was one of the main contributing factors to the success of the Rosa Parks Trial and he gained national publicity, with Times Magazine christening him â€Å"the American Ghandi†. 4) Rise in Popularity and Involvement: 1. The Montgomery Bus Boycott launched King’s career and he soon had the necessary authority and power to drastically impact on US affairs. 2. King became head of the non-violent civil rights organisation the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in 1957. 3. As leader SCLC, King organised and led marches in an attempt to achieve equal voting rights, labour rights and desegregation for the Negro community. 4. On the SCLC’s Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom in 1957, King addressed a national audience for the first time. 5. King had a set a clear precedent through the success of his peaceful protests and the Negro community obliged. 6. The non-violent Lunch Counter Protest in 1960 saw groups black students defying the whites only lunch counters in 54 cities across the Old South. 7. Similarly in 1961, the Freedom Riders tested the supposedly desegregated interstate buses, without the use of violence. 8. King had shown to the minorities of America that violence was not necessary to achieve change, a message adhered to by the Chicanos and Native Americans in the years to come. 5) Marches: 1. The campaigns and marches organised by Martin Luther King greatly impacted on US affairs. 2. In April 1963, the SCLC began a campaign against racial segregation and economic injustice in Birmingham, Alabama. 3. King organised intentionally contentious sit-ins and marches in occupied public spaces across Birmingham City. 4. King and the SCLC were also the driving forces behind the intense demonstrations in St. Augustine, Florida, in 1964. 5. The movement marched nightly through the city and suffering violent attacks from white supremacists, with hundreds of the marchers arrested and jailed. 6. Later that year in December 1964, King and the SCLC joined forces with the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) in Selma, Alabama. 7. The march from Selma to Montgomery was in protest of the voting inequality in Alabama and 25,000 civil rights activists partook. 8. King used the contrast between white backlash and the peaceful protestors to get national and world media coverage, publicity that would ultimately force the US Government’s hand. 6) Speech – Washington: 1. Martin Luther King’s oratorical talents and speeches influenced public opinion and affairs in the United States. 2. On the 2nd of January 1965, a Martin Luther King speech defeated a local judge’s injunction banning the gathering of any people affiliated with the SCLC at Brown Chapel. 3. One of the single greatest factors in achieving minority equality in across America was Martin Luther King’s speech in Washington in 1963. 4. On the 28th of August, King delivered his â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech to a rally of 250,000 peaceful protestors, which was also internationally televised. 5. The march, and especially Kings speech, helped put civil rights at the top of the liberal political agenda in the United States and facilitated passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. 6. On February 6, 1964, King delivered another inaugural speech at the New School in New York called The American Race Crisis. 7. The now infamous speeches of Martin Luther King strengthened the cause internally and externally; maintaining the belief of the Negro community while achieving international sympathy and support for the cause. 7) Conclusion: 1. Today, Martin Luther King is regarded as one of the single greatest contributors to civil rights of all time and has his own federal holiday in the US. 2. Even before his death in 1968, King’s contribution was recognised with his awarding of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964 and American Liberties Medallion. 3. King has also been poshumerously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1977 and the Congressional Gold Medal in 2004. 4. Martin Luther King’s speech in Washington was a major factor in the passing of the Civil Rights Act in 1964 under President Johnson. 5. The march from Selma to Montgomery also influenced public and political support of the Voting Rights Act, which was passed in 1965. 6. Martin Luther King had arguably impacted on US society and affairs more than any individual had in the history of the state.

Medicine Essay Writing Guide Expert Advice #038; Prompt

Medicine Essay Writing Guide Expert Advice #038; Prompt Medical science performs a vital function in the well-being of the modern society as it prevents, diagnose and treat diseases. Sounds pleasantly, â€Å"This serious disease was eradicated from the world†. That’s possible due to the medical sciences. In general, medicine can be characterized as a scientific and practical activity that has the principal task to support and encourage the well-being of healthy and sick individuals. In what way? With the help the advancement of some effective prevention techniques, identification, and therapy of diseases. Students attending the medical courses study the human body in a healthy and ill state, a positive and negative impact of different conditions on the well-being. Besides, medical students get familiar with a set of physical, biochemical, biological, and technological tools for the prevention, identification, and cure of illnesses. Most professors claim that in the near future, you will become an expert in the field of medicine. Right? But keep in mind how much is behind this competency tons of assignments, books, sleepless nights, efforts to write medical essays and many other academic papers. The professional path of a doctor or a nurse is associated with the constant process of studying. It is an endless process, which starts at the medical school and continues through the working experience. Thus, it is important to have excellent medicine essay writing skills since to write medical essays is one of the most typical requirements in any medical school. The investigation of medicine creates a scientific worldview and ethical attitude of medical students to the development of medicine. Thus, medical essay writing is a pretty general assignment where you can present your in-depth understanding of the field of scientific disciplines that deal with: The functions of separate experts and scientific developments, The progress of anatomy following the socioeconomic circumstances, The advancement of natural science, technology, and social theory. How to Create a Well-Written Medical Sciences Essay First of all, you should remember that any written assignment given at high school, college or university requires a wide range of different skills developed with the help of valuable experiences such as Researching, Writing, Critical thinking, Investigation, Interpretation, Problem-solving, etc. Nonetheless, it is often challenging to figure out what issue to address on Medical Sciences. Moreover, it becomes even tougher when you do not know exactly how to compose an assignment on a particular topic. Secondly, you should realize that every academic assignment is different in word limits, structures, formats, ways of presenting the information, etc. However, there is that combines all of them an academic style that is objective, precise and formal. Besides some common academic paper requirements, some specific instructions are established by your tutors. In other words, they define how long your paper must be, what sources of information it must be based on and so on. So before writing a medical essay, examine your assignment attentively. Highlight those points that aren’t so common for paper writing. Always remember that easy medicine essay writing is possible only if you devote a considerable amount of time and energy to accomplish your academic writing. How to Choose Essay Topics on Medical Sciences It may happen that an instructor offers a free choice on what medical topic a student needs to work. Don’t be in a hurry to say, â€Å"I can choose the easiest medical topic to write an essay in the last minute†. Any medical essay topic can’t be investigated at the last moment. Moreover, if the instructor doesn’t specify the topic for a medical essay, he/she expects of you much more research. You need to choose a relevant, research-worthy and feasible topic on Medical Sciences. Keep in mind the question of a medical essay should not belong to the list of controversial topics. It is better to look for hot topics questions on the medic portal. The whole composition has to be focused on a specific issue, a message that you are trying to present to the audience. Your medical essays can reveal the topics mentioned below: 10+ Types of Allergies a Allergist Needs to Fight with in the 21st Century; Diagnosis of Rare Birth Defects: Its Effectiveness in the Intrauterine Life; 5 Differences of Stress Effects on Body, Mood and Behavior; The Interaction of Central Nervous and Endocrine Systems; 7 Actions of Adrenaline from a Benefit to a Harm; Is Medical Treatment with the Help of Spiders and Other Animals Effective? Global Immunization Action Plans: Key Challenges and Possible Solutions. Top Practical Tips for Medical Essay Writing Where to Look for Sources of the Medical Information After you determine what you are going to write on, you’d better search for some background information about the selected issue. Most students start off from score to google for this information taking into consideration all that catch their eye. However, you should identify the credible information sources for better results in academic essay writing. Your essays in the medical field must be based on the relevant and credible literature required to support all the arguments. For example, if you deal with the topic â€Å"Global Immunization Action Plans: Key Challenges and Possible Solutions†, you can give the reliable data from WHO on the proportion of those who receive and who don’t receive recommended vaccines. However, there is a global vaccine action plan that is aimed at preventing millions of deaths through more equitable access to vaccines by 2020. Besides, you can find the valuable sources for your medical essay in the libraries. The truth is that many students have the limited time to attend the library and analyze all the relevant publications. Thus, you can also observe the scholarly articles and the appropriate investigations by looking them online in the U.S. National Library of Medicine. Primarily, this way of collecting the data saves your time greatly. Additionally you can check the government-sponsored websites or websites of some medical organizations. It is easy to determine them as they usually end in .gov and .org accordingly. Such sites provide the actual links to the authoritative research studies, statistic data, information regarding different medical issues you can explore in your essay. Here are some examples of such websites: Medical Research Council. This site provides the readers with the recent announcements, data, and investigations in the field of healthcare. National Science Foundation. This website is focused on the field of medicine and healthcare providing you with the data on the health and human services and other settings. MedlinePlus. This is a source of trusted information you can consult to write an excellent essay on Medicine. National Institutes of Health. This is a website of the medical research agency that makes the important discoveries to improve the health of nations. How to Structure a Medical Essay Properly Writing essays on Medicine is an integral element of the entire learning process. At the beginning of this process, students may encounter some challenges when completing any writing assignment. In fact, writing a medical essay is a time-consuming and challenging process as a student is supposed to analyze various medical reports and other peer-reviewed sources of information in detail. At the same time, many students would like to get a good mark. Right? Be ready to do a great job and write a profound essay. Every paper in the area of medical science, including medicinal composition, should have an accurate and logical structure that is comprised of the points mentioned below: Introduction of a topic; Theoretical exposition of the issue(s); The practical section with parts of medical practice; Statements admitting the consequences of medical examination; Conclusions; List of literature used during the writing of an essay. Not to mention, you should develop the content of your medical essay with the proper formatting according to various style (APA, MLA, Harvard or Chicago). Generally speaking, writing a medical essay is similar to writing essays in the other courses. Thus, you should use the reliable sources of information, write in a sharp and organized form, and provide a strong argumentation for all points presented in an essay. The comprehensive guidelines for the proper formatting of citations will help you to write a reliable and respected composition. Some diagrams or charts can be also added if a graphic illustration contributes to the topic presentation. Usually the numerical data are given in this way. You should also check if the data and its reference are appropriate to use for your academic essay. Medicine is a systematic discipline that doesn’t forgive any soft-touch approach. It requires an entirely logical way of consideration as a human life will be in your hands. With this in mind, none of the educational assignments that must be completed by the medical students can be characterized as a secondary or trivial. Writing an essay in the field of medicine is a comprehensive academic assignment. Every feature of the medical field, beginning with the fundamental analysis and ending with practically meaningful innovations and findings, which can be summarized in an essay on Medicine, is required not only to be learned and acquired by students but also utilized in the writing process. The healthcare as a science performs the crucial functions in human life. The primary purpose of the given area is an investigation of different processes transpiring inside the human body with the aim to prevent or heal various diseases. It also investigates well-known and new conditions that arise in the process of evolution. Medicine is a crucial field for a person as the other issues do not make sense without health. As a result, medicine is not a simple field to study in. Realize the significance of the educational process before taking a medical course. And even if you have been already become a student of the medical school, take the responsibility for researching, writing well so that you can apply all your knowledge in practice. How to Outline a Medical Essay: Medicine Essay Writing Tips from Our Experts To organize an essay properly, you should compose an outline. First of all, you should arrange it in a way that is coherent and easy to follow. Determine what data corresponds to each section of an essay and integrate the information from your sources to support the arguments. Starting with an outline is also an effortless process to get started with the whole essay writing. Start with the points taken from the sources you found; Develop the outline of your medical essay in the following order: Body → Introduction → Conclusion The outline is a skeleton of your essay. So don’t worry if you have to reset it a few times to make more coherent. But it is important to deal with the essay outline exactly in this order. You need to build up the main part of your essay to know what to say in the introduction. Otherwise, you’ll have to return to the introduction every time after you add some information to the body. Don’t do double work while writing, especially if you are pressed for time. In the introduction, your task is to present the readers with the topic of your essay, the main points you are going to discuss and the perspective from which you’re going to discuss. Besides, you can offer some necessary background information, state why you are addressing this topic, and what is expected as a result of the investigation. At the end of your medical essay, write the conclusion. Tell the audience what you have discovered, why it is crucial to the medical field, and what future investigation should be done to facilitate the research. Avoid repeating data that has been previously declared in the paper in the conclusion section. You should state and paraphrase the main features of your essay in the conclusion section. You can also: State how your article adds to the medical field; Define the further applications of the ideas proposed in an essay. Pay Attention to Some Proofreading Tips That Help You Greatly Before the submission of your medical essay, you should make sure that your paper is ready for submission. Double check: If an essay is coherent and relevant to the topic suggested; If there is a logical development of ideas, i.e. from general to specific; If the essay paragraphs are complete and smoothly transited; If the sources of information are correctly cited; If it is free of any spelling or grammatical mistakes, etc. Thus, you should revise your medical essay and proofread it for any possible flaws before its submission. Look at the useful revision checklist to make sure you do all the best in your medical essay. Luckily, there are those who are more experienced in proofreading. You can give your paper a qualified editor to check the accuracy of an essay and correct some points if needed. At the same time, every student is supposed to get familiar with the world of medical publishing closer before submitting any paper on Medicine. Citing a source, from which you take the information for your essay, is a requirement needed to avoid plagiarism and add the credibility to your writing. It is accepted in the academic world not to spin out the data of thin air. Indeed, adding some citations to the text is much easier than investigating through dozens of sources before deciding, â€Å"It is exactly what I am looking for to back up an idea in my medical essay†. Keep in mind when you find what you need, state a source where an idea comes from, what the name of the author(s) is and on what page it is. It is helpful to do with the aim of quick formatting a reference list at the end of your essay. For most medical essays, it is advised to adhere to the American Medical Association (AMA) style to edit an essay properly. If you add a citation, you need to show that you use someone elses ideas with a correctly-cited source of information. Then, you demonstrate the reference list at the end of a composition to avoid ethical and legal issues such as authorship, intellectual property, and so on. You can use some citation programs to simplify the process of referencing. As you might comprehend, medical science is one of the most unrestricted modern sciences. It involves not only some experimental and analytical foundations but also practical activities presented in the academic papers. Medicine papers investigate various processes as well as makes suggestions for maintaining and strengthening the health conditions. The research at an institution of higher education needs much more effort than is required for students in other fields. To become a specialist, a medical student has to hold not only excellent persistence and critical thinking but also the great writing abilities to submit all academic papers. Nobody would ever doubt that such paperwork is necessary for every learner. The principal reason is that a well-organized medicine essay will be of service to the future professionals during their working experience.

Television in UK Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Television in UK - Research Paper Example People over 65 spend five hours a day watching TV perhaps because certain channels are free for them. Most of the adults between 24 and 65 that spend time on the television, are not actually watching the programs or the ads but are doing some other work simultaneously like talking on the phone or surfing the internet. The three main activities that take up the day include sleeping working and watching TV and men are more likely to watch TV than women. Adults over the age of 16 spend under three hours watching the television and the 24-65 year olds fall under the same category of viewers. The following chart shows that watching television is the most common activity by most people in the UK: According to this, 66% of the adults between 25-64 years of age watch TV regularly, while a higher percentage watches the heritage TV among the 45-64 age groups than those between 25-44 age groups. With the reduction in television viewing, naturally the advertising on television also suffers. With switchover to digital TV all the households will have access to multi-channel and this will affect the viewing behavior. it is expected that over the next decade multi-channel TV viewer ship will increased while the BBC and the traditional channels will decline. It is expected that the position will be thus: UK television advertising is regulated when it comes to minutes per hour and hence the cost of advertising increases. The TV advertising market has two differentiated products - advertising on the traditional commercial channels (Channels 3, 4 and 5) and the multi-channels which includes all other commercial channels. Due to economic conditions and declining audiences, the advertising revenues have declined. There has been a shift from traditional channel viewing to commercial multi-channel viewing which has also impacted the value of TV advertising revenues. The TV has also reduced in its attractiveness as an advertising medium. Because of declining audiences the price of traditional channel advertising has received a boost which means it costs more to deliver to the same audience (PWC, 2006). The advertising budget remains the same but the impacts are fewer. At the same the trend towards watching multi channels is increasing and hence the costs become spread out. The cost of 30 seconds of television advertising now costs just '4.81 per thousand adults and this works out to 29pc cheaper than in 2000 (Mason, 2008). Digital spin-off channels are expected to increase their advertising revenue by ten percent but this will not be able to compensate for the terrestrial channel advertising like the ITYV1, channel 4 and channel 5. The most popular and traditional TV channels are ITV1, Channel 4 and Five and the cost of advertising is the highest for ITV1. Some of the most popular TV channels with the cost of advertising are: * itv1 + GMTV 48.5p * BBC ONE 35p * Channel 4 18.7p * Sat and cable 16.8p * BBC TWO 12p * five 7.7p * BBC THREE 2.5p * BBC FOUR 1.3p * S4C 0.3p Source: Glen, n.d. The television advertising revenue is expected to fall for all channels and by 6 and 7% for channels

Economic of race and gender Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Economic of race and gender - Essay Example Question One Emergence of changing gender roles and family in the modern society and women are advancing in their career and taking even more challenging roles at work that were believed to be men oriented. One of the factors that have contributed a lot to the shift to the joint conjugal roles is the mobility with respect to work and career (Kirby, 54). Most of the families with one couple being challenged physically may have the man performing the housework and childcare tasks. This is because those who are disabled may not fully perform these tasks or even go to work hence the other partner will have no choice but to do these duties. However, in certain modern families, there are women going to work while the man remain in the homes to take care of the children and do the housework (Kirby, 55).. By default assumption some family set ups and communities believe that the women are supposed to perform the housework and take care of the children while the men are supposed to work and p rovide; food, shelter and clothing to the family (Blundell & McNeill, 65). Question Two Lack of employment in most developing countries is also a major contributor to the inequalities in the pay. Low economic growth rate accompanied by bad governance is the source of unemployment and low paid jobs in most African countries compared to Europe (Clegg 23). He also argues that there are so many people looking for few jobs and in some cases the jobs are not even there. Corruption which is rooted in these countries also denies the right persons of the opportunities in the public sector thereby leaving most skilled labor. Some of which are exported to other countries which have their own legislative restrictions and therefore they encounter discrimination in those jobs. Question Three Discrimination against the tribes and races also contributes to the differences in the pay even if two different people working in different nations or in the same nation have the same qualifications (Blau & Winkler, 243). It is common to find that international companies which have gone global in terms of their operations do not provide similar work conditions for their employees. You find that a marketing manager for the Coca-Cola Company is paid higher in the United States of America than in South Africa. Even though the differences may be attributed to by the kind of profits that is realized and the size of the market that one has to capture as a manager, the differences are relatively not realistic. The variation in the pay is seen across all the nations across the world. However, there is a pattern for the relatively low pay for women in all the nations. Question Four Family serves as an economic unit since it constitutes members who determine the highest level of satisfaction that they can derive from different activities. The family provides the education and other important services in the process of raising the members of the society. It is therefore noticeable that the family plays an important role in determining the structure of employment in the overall economy. Discrimination in the pay that begins from the family persists in the society. The traditional roles of women and other discrimination with respect to the education of

Human Geography Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Human Geography - Assignment Example Viewing New Orleans as a cultural artifact (a material thing that reflects and reveals something about our life), discuss what New Orleans (both pre- and post-Katrina) tells us about urban life in the United States. What specific changes in urban structure are illustrated by the article â€Å"New Orleans still a fraction of its former self†? Response: The Pre-Katrina in New Orleans revealed the musical influences of various urban artists, ranging from the Cash Money Rappers to the No Limit Rappers. These musical influences shaped the urban life in the United States and ultimately influenced the use of various terms, such as Bling Bling. The term Bling Bling refers to the New Orleans Rapper Lil Wayne’s love for diamond jewelry. The term was used throughout the United States, and many people of all classes referred to their jewelry or diamonds as Bling Bling. The Post-Katrina New Orleans still has these musical influences, but due to the impact of the hurricane, many artists struggle to maintain their musical influence. Many people have abandoned New Orleans, and as a result, took their musical influences that once contributed to the culture of the city. The Post-Katrina New Orleans struggles to maintain its identity as a musical influence. The specific changes in the urban structure that are illustrated in the article, â€Å"New Orleans still a fraction of its former self,† are the lack of housing development projects. Because the housing project is at 0%, the urban structure in New Orleans has abandoned the city because there is no place for these residents to live. Many urban areas, such as the Seventh Ward, were completely destroyed. These areas have not been restored, and many residents who left New Orleans will not return. 2. Cities are important sites of cultural production. Consider the impact of Hurricane Katrina on New Orleans and the impact the storm had on arguably the city’s greatest asset: its cultural

Supply Chain Management Objectives in a Factory

Supply Chain Management Objectives in a Factory Automated sandwich making industry provides ready-to-eat, easy-to-consume and pre-packaged sandwiches. These sandwiches are very popular because of many factors like speed of delivery and the quality that comes with every unit of sandwiches. Automated sandwich plants employ a continuous production cycle that works as per a standard demand and supply schedule. The production process is precise and well maintained, while the process itself is a byproduct of well-calibrated marketing strategy. The production schedule is backed by several other departments whose support is very important to keep the production going without any hitch. Like any other production facility, even sandwich making plant operates in a similar way planning production, purchasing raw materials, registering orders, producing sandwiches, packing them and dispatching them are final delivery are some of the basic processes that occur there. This short paper analyses supply chain management objectives help an automated sandwich-making factory to focus on its production and sales management goals and to create strategies to enhance turnover and profits. This becomes very essential as a large super market chain places a large order for high quality sandwiches. The main objectives of the firm after getting this order is to evaluate, analyze, and review the exiting production practices and later design an action plan that result in the production of 12,000 units of sandwiches every week. To produce such an amount of weekly order, the firm will need to combine its plans and strategies along with streamlining the numerous supply chain components. In addition, the firm will also need to step up the supply chain profitability so that the production process retains its marketing and competitive edge. Like any other manufacturing facilities, even sandwich making plants works on the principles of supply chain management. Supply chain management objectives the most basic measures that drive the production process Lee and Billington (1993) define a supply chain: As a network of facilities that performs the functions of procurement of material, transformation of material to intermediate and finished products, and distribution of finished products to customers. In other words, a supply chain is also an intricate system of personnel, production activities, skills, knowledge, information and resources involved in transferring a given product from supplier to a customer. Supply chains also link value chains as described below in subsequent chapters. Supply chain management is an advanced concept that is considered by almost all businesses in the world. A sandwich making business can easily use the basic principles of supply chain to enhance its product delivery mechanisms by linking several business functions. To introduce a profitable supply chain, a business development manager should design and create a plan the leads to reliable and guaranteed supply chains that also provide high quality products. Supply chain management (SCM) demands a far stringent transformation from administering simple individual departments who handle individual functions, to integrate them in a seamless manner. The result of such an action is the creation of many important supply chain functions and processes. Let us consider a simple example: A firm gets a big order for some products. The details of the order will be dispatched from the sales department to the purchasing department. Now, the purchasing department will start placing the required order with the production department. The production department will produce the required products and dispatches them to the marketing department that in turn will sell the goods to wholesalers and retailers. However, the marketing department will need to asses customer demand by communicating with wholesaler and retailer distributers; the main goal of this exercise is to find out the exact demand for the product. It means that a method of process integration is carried out with different supply chain partners. Integrating supply chain business functions will include well planned and teamwork between buyers and suppliers, production and sales department and through sharing information that is common to all the stakeholders. In the present example, we will consider different business functions of the sandwich-making firm like purchase of raw materials, receipt of orders from retailers and wholesalers, activities of marketing department and inventory department and production and marketing department. Such integration needs the flow of information in a calibrated and continuous manner (Lambert and Cooper, 2000). Appropriate technologies and methods could help manufacturers create an optimum supply-chain system. These are possible by using demand, supply philosophies like push, and pull techniques. Defining push and pull philosophies are very important for a sandwich company that wants to sell many sandwiches per week. Customer or demand side push is actually an entrepreneurial response in hope of customer demand. On the contrary, demand or customer pull is a response that actually results from ensuing customer demand. However, it is very difficult to decide if a particular supply chain is in push or pull mode in a general mode. Here, the business may need to decide what constitutes the supply chain and how different stakeholders act in the supply chain. In the present example, there is already a readymade demand for 12,000 sandwiches per week and this is classic example of customer pull. In most of the supply chain scenarios, demand-push may meet demand-pull and this is the situation when the inventory starts accumulating. This is a typical push-pull interface or a supply chain decoupling point. For the sandwich making business mentioned in this example, the benefits of acting to a pull model is very compelling as the calculated levels of production is independent of forecasts for a future order. The general axiom that works very well here is very simple just produce what you pull from the customer exactly at the rate of their needs. A business that operates in a pull philosophy can perform better to accept changes that usually occur in tastes and preferences of customers. However, the sandwich business that operates in this mode may not use this model unless there is clear demand from the customer side. Many dial-up pizza shops prepare their products based on specific demand-pull to supply a particular number of pizzas. This example is non-analogous to the present sandwich making company. In a typical pizza supply unit, the delivery is held until there is a specific order for pizzas. To be able to respond to a situation, the unit will include bases and ingredients as built-in inventory well in advance. The final delivery will occur only when there is a specific order. It means that there is an evidence of both push- pull philosophies in that example. In the present example, there is already an element of customer-pull and it ensures a confirmed order for sandwiches. Demand-pull philosophy has the ability to reduce waste and inventory and it is more in the direction of satisfying needs of end customers. In the end, a sandwich business that operates on this principle should create a package of practices that include the best supply management principles. SCM Cycle View Model All manufacturing activities are divided into many sub-activities that eventually help the sandwich company to conduct the business operations in an optimal manner. Like any other business, even sandwich making business operates in a standard manner that actually mimics a standard production assembly format. In essence, a given production assembly consists of four important components Customer order cycle, Replenishment cycle, Manufacturing cycle and Procurement cycle. Customer order cycle: This is the mutually agreed cycle time of a given purchase order. It is also a gap between the purchase order creation date and agreed delivery date. In other words, one should expect the time and it may not be the actual date for delivery. The metrics used provides a guide to deliver the order. Replenishment cycle: This is the average time needed to fill a current purchase order. The time starts when a particular order is sent or receive dot entered. This process ends at the time of shipment or soon after the delivery to the customer. Business developers should consider both the actual delivery time and promised delivery time. Manufacturing cycle time: It is possible to quantify this time from the planned order until the report timing of final production process. One can compare the actual production quantity with the intended quantity. Purchase order cycle time: This metric measures the creation of PO to the delivery at a location like distribution center. Here, one may not have the requested delivery date beyond the agreed lead-time. Here is a standard Cycle view model for sandwich business: Note: One can think of supply chain as a chain of communications that occur between two consecutive stages of production. These cycles always share similar types of communications because the entire process will have a buyer and a supplier. As one go away from the customer, the scale of the transaction will diversify and become larger. Fig 1: Cycle View Sandwich Production Process (Supply Chain Management: cycle view figure adaptation after Supply Chain Management Strategy, Planning Operation; Third Edition; Smil Chopra, Peter Meindl) As mentioned before, a customer cycle involves an external demand. The balance side of the supply chain should react to the existing customer demand and later satisfy it without fail. However, the only hitch is that basic process of creating sandwiches from different raw materials (like vegetables, spices and meat) stage to the ready to eat one will always involve spending some time, money and energy. If the production process is not quick enough to cater to the demand of the consumer, the existing demand may vanish altogether. It means that the producer should make proper assessments of all future demands during the production process. In essence, speculations that the producer makes should be more so that they will take fewer numbers of decisions when there is an unforeseen or uncertain condition. All the reactive processes are the pull processes while the speculative processes are push types. Level 1 SCOR Model According to SCC (2000), Supply-Chain Operations Reference is a top-level business processes related to all phases of satisfying customer demand (SCC 2000). Four important business processes organize this model at its highest level. These processes are Plan, Source, Make and Deliver. For the present paper, we will discuss about the Level 1 aspect and this deals with the MAKE process. Fig 2: SCOR Level 1 Performance Metrics, Diagram (After SCC, 2000) In this process, a business entity uses actions that transform raw products or raw materials into a finished product to meet planned or actual demand or confirmed demand. In the illustration given above, PLAN is a process that accumulates demand and supply to set in motion a plan of action that meets sourcing, production, delivery, inventory and other similar needs. With this Level 1 model, a sandwich business creates a wholesome plan of sandwich manufacturing and delivering from consumer to retailer to production and marketing sectors. In addition, it also streamlines the plan with sales and marketing. At Level 1, the sandwich business considers a number of processes that convert raw materials into finished products to meet the demand placed by the consumer. Here, the sandwich business considers both push and pull philosophies to consider the business processes. A typical supply chain is truly dynamic and interactive. A sandwich business will run through many states procuring raw materials like meat, vegetables, spices, packaging materials and other items from a inventory supplier, actual manufacturing process, the process of distributing the products, dispatching them to retailers and eventually to customer and marketing and promotion departments that actually sell the sandwiches. A competitive business will streamline all these processes into one single entity that eventually enhances productivity and profitability. A supply chain also flows in two directions and it has an attached cost and capacity domain attached to it. An empowered and skilled business management team that can create a viable plan along with strong management and supply chain design fundamentals will succeed in the end.

Telecommunications Test :: essays research papers

TEL109 Quiz #1 Spring 2005 Instructions: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This quiz is regarded as â€Å"open notes† only. This means you may use any notes you have taken in class, or any handouts that were give to you in class but not your textbook. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Each question carries equal weight (20pts each). 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Partial credit will be given where warranted, but you must write out some response for each question. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The grade for this quiz will be averaged together with the grade for quiz #2 and this average will represent 1/3 of your term grade. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Record all of your answers on these sheets. If you need additional pages, be sure that your name is on each one. Questions: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What are the provisions of the Kingsbury Commitment? What was the major impact on the Public Telephone Network? The provisions of the Kingsbury Commitment were as follows: †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  AT&T would not buy any more Independent companies or service providers without the Justice Departments approval. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  AT&T would allow Independent companies to connect to the AT&T network so that homes only needed one phone and one phone company to provide service. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  AT&T would allow any company to interconnect with other independents and AT&T to complete calls anywhere in America. AT&T also declared that they would sell all its interest in Western Union. The major impact on the public telephone network was as follows:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The public telephone network was now all open to any company and this in turn made it open to any home with a telephone and telephone service to call anywhere in the US. Also this commitment helped to stop AT&T from completely buying out all the smaller telephone companies and monopolizing the entire telephone service provider market. This commitment made it possible for smaller phone companies to survive in this market. Lastly it also helped to prevent AT&T from having to deal with the consequences of the Department of Justice using the Sherman Antitrust Act to bring charges against them. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What agencies are responsible for communications policy on the national and the local levels? The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is responsible for all federal communications regulation of policy and the Public Utilities Commission (PUC) is responsible for regulating telecommunications within the state. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Explain what is meant by: (a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Simplex Transmission Simplex Transmission is transmission of signals in one direction only, such as in radio and television there is no way to send a signal back it is strictly one way. (b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Half-duplex Transmission Half-duplex Transmission is a when signals can go in both directions (to and from) they take turns such as with a CB radio, each side takes a turn sending and receiving over the same medium.

Language Background and the Speech Community

Being born in Russia, Russian is my native language. According to the Refugee Council, Russian is extensively used as a language for communication of all the Slavic languages. Statistically speaking, most people in the Russian Foundation and other independent federations are speakers of the Russian Language. (Refugee Council, 2008) Moreover, the Russian language is distinguished by the United Nations as one that belongs to the list of six official languages all over the world. (Today Translations, 2008) To illustrate the far-reaching influence of the Russian language, let us enumerate the countries with major Russian speaking populations, such as Belarus, Estonia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Moldova, not to mention Russia, Tajikistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. Russian is not considered as the official language in Kazakhstan and Tajikistan, however it is popularly used in, most especially in business and government communications. Other countries, like Finland for example, also have a Russian speaking population composed of the minority inhabitants. (Infoplease, 2008) The Russian language does not follow a formal system or rules. It concentrates on the reproduction of sounds and stress that is stated in variation with the attached denotative or connotative meaning of the words in a statement. Russian language, together with the Ukrainian and Belarusian languages have emerged from the Slavonic language that originated from the East. (Today Translations, 2008) Since the Russian language is more focused on the phonetic aspect of speaking, the language is primarily based on the Russian alphabet or what historians call the Cyrillic Alphabet. Apparently, the alphabet originated not from Russia, but from Greece. The onset of Greek missions who happened to arrive at Istanbul proliferated the use of the Cyrillic alphabet that is primarily based on the Greek alphabet. Needless to say, the Russian language traces back its influences from Greece. (Orbislingua, 2008) I belong to a community that upholds discipline within the self and as a citizen of Russian and the maintenance of the good of all the citizens, not just oneself. Just like our political system, everything is organized and judged in our every day life according to what is good for all. Close relationships between others is evident in how we deal with others and our way of welcoming them with affectionate actions and gestures. In addition to this, most of us are cynical and distrustful. The uniqueness of the Russian language may be traced to the distinct sentence patterns and sounds and stress produced in speaking Russian. The structure of the sentences does not follow a particular rule or pattern, but is dependent on how the speaker wants to say it. For instance, to emphasize an adjective, it goes first in the sentence. On the other hand, if the noun is emphasized in the sentence, then it goes first. (Orbislingua, 2008) In addition, the use of articles, transitional or connecting phrases and words (such as is, are, a, an, the, etc.), does not really apply in speaking the Russian language. Therefore, if a native Russian speaker attempts to speak in English, then it would be difficult for native Russian speakers to create a complete and a grammatically sound and correct English statement due to certain deficiencies.   Furthermore, most consonants in the Russian language produce sounds that are almost similar to the â€Å"s† sound and utilizes the movement of the tongue in speaking. This greatly contributes to the unique nature and phonetic aspect of the use of the Russian Language. (Orbislingua, 2008) The similarities of the Russian language to the English language, for instance, is evident in the three tenses of English verbs that also applies to the verbs of the Russian language. At times, it also follows the order and structure of the sentences in the English language, however the Russian sentence order and structure is more accommodating to the situation in which two Russian speakers are talking. (Orbislingua, 2008) References Infoplease. (2008). Languages by Countries. Retrieved March 14, 2008, from HighBeam Orbislingua. (2008). Russian language. Retrieved March 14, 2008, from Orbislingua.com. Website: http://www.orbislingua.com/eaha.htm Refugee Council. (2008). Language background of major refugee groups to UK. Retrieved March 14, 2008, from Refugee Council. Website: http://languages.refugeecouncil.org.uk/top_navigation/Language_profiles.htm Today Translations. (2008). Russian Language History. Retrieved March 14, 2008, from Today                  

Retort stand and clamp Essay Example

Retort stand and clamp Essay Example Retort stand and clamp Paper Retort stand and clamp Paper In reference to the safety aspect, the radiation source is kept inside a lead block, inside a wooden box, inside another wooden block, tongues are present for the movement of the source so it never directly handled. The sources themselves are in holders, which channel the radioactive output in one direction alone. However as I am working with Gamma radiation this is slightly irrelevant. Also the rad-count dector will be placed in a clamp, to ensure its constant position. The radiation source itself is placed in a L-frame; this will keep it at a constant height. It also reduces the amount of handling needed of the sample. I also made sure that I was over 16 years of age before beginning, and made a concerted effort not to ingest the radiation source. Method 1. ) Take the background count of radiation by turning on the digital radcount, and setting to detection for 1 minute three times. 2. ) Remove the cobalt-60 from its lead container, and using tweezers put in the l-frame source rig. 3. ) Securely attach a metre rule to the desk, brace the l-frame against it, with the vertical section corresponding to a whole number on the metre rule 4. ) Secure the digital rad-count dector in a clamp attached to a retort stand, align this with the cobalt-60 and place it to be touching. 5. ) Set the digital rad-count to detection, for one minute, do this three times 6. ) Move the l-frame what you estimate to be 2. 5 mm from the digital rad-count, and set the digital vernier callipers to 2. 5 mm, cheek the distance of the l-frame and refine as necessary. 7. ) Repeat steps five and six until a distance of 3cm is achieved. Repeat step 1 at distance 1. 5 cm and 3cm. Analysis of Results I feel that my results prove that gamma radiation does obey the inverse square law; to begin with we will look at the graph in which the radiation count is plotted against distance A curve is described thus suggesting that intensity is inversely proportional to the distance. However this graph goes no way to prove that it is inversely proportional to the square of the distance, for that we need to construct a graph with one over the square root of the radiation count plotted against distance. My graph clearly shows a straight line. Thus it is shown that Gamma radiation obeys the inverse square law. However the Equation I achieve is actually Y= -0. 77X + 3. 02, but rather than proving that gamma radiation doesnt obey the inverse square law, I feel it merely points out certain experimental errors, namely the inaccuracies in distance. Although they may only have been +- 0. 5 mm, when working on a scale of 2. 5 mm at times the percentage error is very high. So I feel that these graphs more than adequately prove the inverse square law holds for gamma radiation. My trial experiment in light also proves that the inverse square law holds for light. In a similar method to the gamma experiment if we plot a graph of light intensity against distance, we obtain a curve. The fact it is a curve is good, however it is more than that it is a curve, with an almost perfect half life, the value not changing significantly for each half-life. Being around 2. 5cm. The fact it has such a good half-life makes the need for further graphs redundant, it conclusively proves the inverse square law. The half-life shows that if the distance is doubled the intensity is decreased by a factor of four. The fact that light and gamma radiation obey the inverse square law is solid proof that all members of the electromagnetic spectrum will obey the inverse square law. Evaluation Systematic Errors There was a high uncertainty in my measurement of distance. The cobalt 60 is kept within a metal tube. During my experimental procedure, I measured from the front of this tube, however the source could have been up to 5mm into the tube. Over short distances this leads to very high percentage errors. A similar thing is present in the Geiger-muller counter and tube. Like previously the actual dector is set inside the plastic casing, and could have been up to 5mm inside the tube. This leads to very high percentage errors again, which I will calculate later. There is a possibility that the counter and radiation source were actually slightly out of line, so as the two moved apart, there would be a horizontal angular discrepancy, this would lead to a count lower than it should be. However, attaching a meter rule to the desktop and bracing both the source clamp and the retort stand against it, and ensuring the two align as closely as possible, this problem is solved, this should also solve the problem on the vertical angular discrepancy. More extreme measures include bracing the equipment against the secure ruler to eliminate horizontal angular discrepancies, and attaching mini spirit levels to the source and detector to ensure the vertical angular discrepancies are kept to a minimum. It could also be possible to attach a laser pen to one of the pieces of equipment and ensuring the position of the laser light on the opposing piece of equipment doesnt change. This will eliminate both horizontal and vertical angular discrepancies. However these tow suggestions are impractical, the only laser light I have access to is actually very powerful, and could easily blind if directed at the ye, so I feel the danger levels here are to high. I only have access to large sprit levels, which would not be practical to attach to the equipment. Plus as I am only working over small distances any angular discrepancy will not produce high percentage errors. Another possible error would be if the count exceeds the level at which the dector could perceive. This would lead to what is known as dead time. As there is radioactive activity not being detected hence a deceptively low count would be present. But for this to occur it would require radiation counts far in excess of what the weak Gamma source I used was capable of, so this can be ignored.

Free Essays on Sociobiology

Sociobiology, in its most recent form, dates from the 1970s and the work of Edward O. Wilson. However, the roots of sociobiology are older. The first use of the term sociobiology likely dates to the work of Warder C. Allee, Alfred E. Emerson, and their associates in their 1949 book, Principles of Animal Ecology. Sociobiogists study the behavior of social animals, including humans. Sociobiology developed from studies in population biology and genetics. Research in the social insects, especially ants and honey bees, had shown that the old Darwinian maxim of individual selection, of individuals working for their own reproductive success, did not seem to apply to those groups. The worker castes of those species donot reproduce; yet, their behavior in defense of their nests was tenacious and often life-threatening to the defenders. How could such behavior be explained? The answers began to crystallize when Hamilton (1964) developed the concept of inclusive fitness. Inclusive fitness incorporated not only one's own reproductive success, but also the reproductive success of relatives. In the social insects, all of the workers born of the same queen are full sisters, but, they are all even more closely related to their mother, the queen. So, if one transfers the logic of evolution from the individual to genes, then the behavior of social insects begins to make sense. When workers die in defense of their nests, they are more likely to increase the likelihood of their genes' survival, even though they died in the effort. Sociobiology, however, is far more than the study of social insects. It is the study of all social species. Further, it is an attempt to find the evolutionary pressures which led to the evolution of social behavior in diverse groups of animals. Sociobiology is most controversial when such analyses are directed at human behavior. For example, the question of human criminal behavior may be analyzed via sociobiology. I... Free Essays on Sociobiology Free Essays on Sociobiology Sociobiology, in its most recent form, dates from the 1970s and the work of Edward O. Wilson. However, the roots of sociobiology are older. The first use of the term sociobiology likely dates to the work of Warder C. Allee, Alfred E. Emerson, and their associates in their 1949 book, Principles of Animal Ecology. Sociobiogists study the behavior of social animals, including humans. Sociobiology developed from studies in population biology and genetics. Research in the social insects, especially ants and honey bees, had shown that the old Darwinian maxim of individual selection, of individuals working for their own reproductive success, did not seem to apply to those groups. The worker castes of those species donot reproduce; yet, their behavior in defense of their nests was tenacious and often life-threatening to the defenders. How could such behavior be explained? The answers began to crystallize when Hamilton (1964) developed the concept of inclusive fitness. Inclusive fitness incorporated not only one's own reproductive success, but also the reproductive success of relatives. In the social insects, all of the workers born of the same queen are full sisters, but, they are all even more closely related to their mother, the queen. So, if one transfers the logic of evolution from the individual to genes, then the behavior of social insects begins to make sense. When workers die in defense of their nests, they are more likely to increase the likelihood of their genes' survival, even though they died in the effort. Sociobiology, however, is far more than the study of social insects. It is the study of all social species. Further, it is an attempt to find the evolutionary pressures which led to the evolution of social behavior in diverse groups of animals. Sociobiology is most controversial when such analyses are directed at human behavior. For example, the question of human criminal behavior may be analyzed via sociobiology. I...

Dealing with culture change Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Dealing with culture change - Research Paper Example Defined as the scientific study of human behavior and processes under diverse cultures, (Adler and Gielen 4) Cross-cultural Psychology delves more on behavioral transformations of an individual when placed in a culturally foreign environment than on the cultural differences of nations. Some of the common types of cultural change effects on an individual are on the emotional state, beliefs and practices, personality, social behavior and relations, interpretation of everyday languages as well as relationship with family. New geographical surroundings, unfamiliar languages as well as strange customs and other intercultural contact and changes that may cause problems for an individual can collectively be called as culture shock. Culture shock may be traced to past negative events, minimal social support and differences in human values. (Furnham, Bochner 177) Negative life-events include inability to cope with new environment due to previous physical illness and psychological ailment. Negative events also include abrupt changes in environment and situations, traumatic occurrences such as extremely embarrassing experiences. (Furnham, Bochner 178) Physical and mental illness that weaken the coping mechanism of an individual include tuberculosis, depression, skin diseases, cancer and heart diseases (Furnham, Bochner 178) since these ailments tend to bring patients depression and stigma. Some examples would be a former tuberculosis patient, a person suffering from a heart disease and a person with marks due to a previous skin disease. For a person who has been cleared of tuberculosis, the individual would always be on guard in allowing people to know of this previous medical record thus would lead to a limited s ocial interaction for the former tuberculosis patient. An individual who has a heart disease, given the condition of his health, would most of the time be irritable and sometimes undergoes self-pity for his condition. Irritability brought

Corporate social responsibility and ethical dilemmas Essay

Corporate social responsibility and ethical dilemmas - Essay Example When organizations are hiring employees, they tend to be concerned on the capability of the employees to follow the company ethics and values. This is because company ethics and values are crucial in decision-making. Managers are concerned with overseeing the day-to-day running of an organization. They are thus required to possess adequate skills on the ethics that characterize local national and global societies. In the recent past, globalization has resulted in increased competitiveness in the corporate sector and change of production from national level to a global one by most companies. With globalization, the corporate sector is increasingly becoming vulnerable to global forces. This has resulted in numerous challenges in corporations, which managers are required to address. Additionally, people and organization have become more concerned and interested in business ethics. This section will focus on the ethical and value challenges that face individuals working in financial sect ors in companies and financial institutions. Additionally, the paper will analyze how the challenges can aid employees in the financial profession to meet their goal of enhancing responsible business operations. ... Actually, there has been increased awareness on business ethics requiring companies to be more vigilant in their operations. Traditionally, companies focused on making profits since theories such as the one suggested by Friedman argued that the sole responsibility of a firm is to increase the shareholders’ value. However, this notion has been changing due to the need for sustainable responsible business (Burchell 2008; Cameron 2002). Ethical issues that may arise in the financial organization are likely to affect all the stakeholders. This is because all stakeholders depend on financial services directly or indirectly. Personal and corporate ethics are a common source of dilemma for professions working in financial management. This is because of the challenges emanating from conflict that may arise due to disparity in personal ethical values and organizational ethics (Klempner 2009). Ethics are fundamental in financial management since they ensure that financial managers are h onest while dealing with financial situation. My career as a financial manager will require me to be honest. Ethics are crucial since finances are closely intertwined with people. One major ethical issue facing banks regards the method to compensate sales driven planners as well as planners. The dilemma is on whether to use commission or fees. Some compensation strategies often result in exploitation of the investor. Whichever the strategy of compensation used leads to ethical issues since the planners have to subordinate their benefits to those of the customers. This ethical issues results in swaying of planners. A good example of a bank that has benefited from corporate social responsibility is Scotiabank. This bank has