Rekindle Dynamics Essay -- Emergency Management

There are few natural phenomena with the stage setting and complexity of a forest fire (Van Wagner 1). Rekindles or reignitions that reburn an area oer which a previous fire has passed but leaving sack that afterwards ignites due to latent heat, sparks, or embers (NWCG 2) is an amazing part of that phenomena. For instance fuel complexes that exhibit heavy fuel loads and deep organic layers. viz. under the decomposing leaf litter thither are a shrink organic horizon in which the ground or subsurface fires testament remain burning slowly (Loureno and Rainha 3). Near rivers, peat bogs, old forests, and sizeable decaying logs are prone to such fire persistence. As a answer of the dryness left after the passage of the main fire front. particularly in major dry spells or droughts (Henderson and Muraro 4, Alexander 5). Such surreptitious burning in a smouldering stage can inflame into flames when it gets the surface exposing this heated fuel to air (6). Throughout the summer of 2010, Portugal had 14,551 firsthand wildfires. 17.2% of them rekindled in an additional 2,497 fires, leading to a primitive of 17,048 which accounted for 95% of the total annual burnt area of 132,241 ha (Pacheco 7). These figures might be worse. several(prenominal) authors suggest that the amount of rekindled forest fires is higher than the officially reported (Loureno and Rainha 3, ANIF 8). Expert-judgment elicitation in our interviews points to the double. Even assuming that the available information is correct, there are too many rekindles (Beighley and Hyde 9). This is a concerning situation that has gotten worse oer the years (ANIF 8), and results from ineffective mop-up operations (Loureno and Rainha 3, ANIF 8, Beighley and Hyde 9, ISA 10, Loureno 11, Murdock... .... 387-395, 2005.17AFN, I., Monitorizao e Avaliao do Plano Nacional de Defesa da Floresta Contra Incndios, 2009/2010 - Relatrio Final Preliminar, Autoridade Florestal Nacional, 2011.18Fernandes, P. M., Forest fires in Galicia (Spain) The solvent of unbalanced fire management, Journal of Forest Economics, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 155-157, 2008.19Resoluo do Conselho de Ministros n. 65/2006, PNDFCI, 2006.20Oliveira, T., Relatrio da visita ao Chile, Proteco Florestal, grupo Portucel Soporcel, 2011.21Ahrens, M., Brush, Grass, and Forest Fires, 0877650357, National Fire auspices Association, Fire Analysis and Research Division, 2010.22Pacheco, A. P., Oliveira, T., & Claro, J., Simulation analysis of the impact of ignitions, rekindles and out of true alarms on the performance of forest fire suppression, FEUP, University of Porto, 2012.