Effect of Adolescent Cannabis Use on Brain Functions

Effect of teenager Cannabis Use on star FunctionsCannabis Use During Adolescence A recapitulation of Impacts on Brain Functions and Associated OutcomesRecent suppurate convey seen a dramatic increase in the social acceptability of marijuana usold age in the joined States, with several states having already legalized recreational gist ab wasting disease of the substance and several more projected to do so within the next several years (Leyton, 2016). Concurrently, in that location has been an increase in the amount of juveniles who report using hempen necktie, with recent data indicating that 39% of high school seniors report using hangmans rope within the olden year and 6-7% reporting daily or near daily hempen necktie practise (Johnston & OMalley, 2015). Despite increasing utilization of marihuana products for pain focal point and other ailments (Hwang & Clarke, 2016), some in the scientific community defecate expressed concern about the potential ramifications of recreational legalization of hangmans halter. Chief amongst these concerns is the idea that upstarts willing have very easy access to increasingly potent hempen necktie and synthetic cannabis products (Sobesky & Gorgens, 2016), as a great deal of look has indicated that the wont of cannabis poses several take a chances specific to individuals in the teenaged age range (see Levine, Clemenza, Rynn, & Lieberman, 2017). This paper will summarize the research examining the impact of cannabis usage on the developing girlish brilliance and potential associated outcomes, particularly in the areas of information/executive function, care and picture, psycho maladys, and future substance hold/dependence. The Adolescent Brain To understand the impact of cannabis use on the developing teenager hotshot, it is first-year necessary to understand the changes taking place in the brain during this readingal period. Not surprisingly, the period of adolescence is a era of tremend ous change in the circuitry of the brain. According to Arain et al. (2013), there is a significant amount of neuronal plasticity in the brain during adolescence, meaning the wiring of the brain is extremely adaptable to discipline and experience. Such plasticity, particularly in the prefrontal cortex, lends itself to difficulty thinking rationally and critically, practically leading to the impulsive decision-making that is characteristic of the adolescent years. In addition, the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis, the system responsible for regulating human responses to stress, also undergoes significant using during the period of adolescence. Within this system, the amount and duration of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and glucocorticoids run throughd in response to stress increase significantly as compared to other life periods (Romeo, 2013). before long before puberty, a surge ofsynaptogenesis and neuronal growth occurs in which grey amour in the brain thickenssu bstantially. From this pointthroughout the period of adolescence, the brain is continually rewired throughdendritic pruning and increased myelination of synapses, particularly in theprefrontal cortex (Arain et al., 2013 Lubman, Bonomo, & Yucel, 2007). In addition, white matter increases are seenin the corpus callosum (Arain et al., 2013). taken together, these changes increase the efficiency of communicationwithin the brain, allowing for the eventual select of more complexcognitive functioning, including improved impulse retain, operationalthinking, and working memory board (Hart, 2007 Lubman et al., 2007). In addition to the constant rewiring of braincircuitry that occurs during adolescence, the levels of three neurotransmitters dopamine, serotonin, and melatonin change during the adolescent period(Arain et al., 2013). According to Dahl(2003), dopamine and serotonin levels decrease during adolescence, resulting in aflame dysregulation, image disruptions, and difficulties with impulsecontrol. Melatonin levels, on the otherhand, increase, which in turn increases the amount of sleep that adolescentsneed to be fully re-charged. Given the massive changes that are occurring inthe brain during the period of adolescence, it is a time in which the brain isespecially susceptible to the use of substances, (Lubman et al., 2007) includingcannabis. Cannabis Action in the BrainBefore questioning the specific impacts ofcannabis use on the adolescent brain, it is important to understand howcannabis acts in the brain in general.First, the brain has an endogenous cannabinoid system (endocannabinoidsystem) made up of the ligands anandamide and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG)and cannabinoid sensory receptors known as CB1 and CB2 receptors (Moreira & Lutz,2008). CB1 receptors are locatedthroughout the brain, but are particularly populous in the front region of thecerebral cortex, the basal ganglia, the cerebellum, the hypothalamus, the former cingulate cortex, and the genu s Hippocampus CB2 receptors are generallyfound throughout the bodys immune system (Hill et al., 2010 Iversen,2004). The endocannabinoid system playsa role in a anatomy of processes, including the regulation of the HPA axisstress response (Hill et al., 2010 Lee & Gorzalka, 2015), neuralplasticity, and learning and memory (Lu et al., 2008). According to Iversen (2004), thepsychoactive component in cannabis is 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (tetrahydrocannabinol). THC, as salutary as increasingly popularsynthetic cannabinoids, act as agonists on CB1 cannabinoid receptors in thebrain. Because CB1 receptors aregenerally presynaptic rather than postsynaptic, cannabinoids control therelease of certain neurotransmitters, including acetylcholine, L-glutamate,-aminobutyric sour (GABA), noradrenaline (norepinephrine), dopamine, and5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). The use of exogenous cannabinoids, such as marijuana or synthetic marijuana products,leads to an unnaturally long-lasting activation of CB1 re ceptors, ultimatelyinhibiting the release of the aforementioned neurotransmitters in selectedareas of the brain (Iversen, 2004). Inaddition to its impact on CB1 receptors and associated neurotransmitters, THC alsoappears to trigger the firing of dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmentalarea of the brain and the nucleus accumbens areas of the brain that areheavily implicated in the brains reward circuit associated with drug use. This effect is also seen with heroin,cocaine, amphetamines, and nicotine, suggesting that THC may also act on theopioid receptor system within the brain (Iversen, 2004).Impact on Cognition and Executive Function TasksThe literature has focused on severallarger areas of impact regarding cannabis use during adolescence, one of thesebeing the potential impacts on cognition and tasks of executive function. As previously mentioned, the brain undergoesa significant amount of change in the adolescent years, including the frequentre-wiring of neural connection s through neural pruning processes, particularlyin the prefrontal cortex. According toFilbey, McQueeny, DeWitt, and Mishra (2015), cannabis use during adolescencedisrupts this normal pruning process through its modulation ofneurotransmitters and inhibition of microglial processes. This results in abnormal connectivity withinthe brain, including a decrease in white matter volume and integrity (Gruber,Dahlgren, Sagar, Gonenc, & Lukas, 2014 Jacobus et al., 2009). Such changesresult in a number of cognitive impacts, including increased impulsivity,poorer reaction times, and increased errors on executive function tasks (e.g.,planning, organization, self-regulation, etc.) (Becker, Wagner,Gouzoulis-Mayfrank, Spuentrup, & Daumann, 2010 Gruber et al., 2014). Indeed, studies have indicated thatindividuals who begin marijuana use in ahead of time adolescence are at an increasedrisk for developing deficits in attention (Ehrenreich et al., 1999) and visualprocessing (Tapert, Granholm, Leedy, & Brown, 2002), and adjoin adecreased full scale IQ and verbal IQ in big(a)hood (Meier et al., 2012). Memory also appears to be affected by adolescent-onset cannabis use (Tait, Mackinnon, & Christensen, 2011), likely via its impact on the hippocampus a part of the brain heavily implicated in memory functions. Animal research has shown that the hippocampus is affected by cannabis use especially during the period of adolescence. In rats, adolescent pictorial matter to cannabis impacted the microstructure of the hippocampus as well as abnormalities in the way that proteins are expressed in the hippocampus (Quinn et al., 2008). Specifically, it appears that exogenous cannabinoids bind to CB1 receptors and inhibit the release of glutamate, then contributing to deficits in short-term memory (Hart, 2007) and negatively impacting performance on memory-related tasks (see Levine et al., 2017). Some animal studies indicate that lower levels of cannabis use (those most reflective of the actu al amount that adolescents use) are non predictive of long-lasting hippocampal changes. However, because current cannabis products are continuing to increase in potency (Levine et al., 2017), hippocampal changes and subsequent memory problems are topics of concern, especially with regard to adolescent users of cannabis. Working memory also appears to be impactedby cannabis use, particularly in individuals that began using cannabis beforethe age of sixteen. Becker et al. (2010)used functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine performance on a workingmemory task in individuals who began using cannabis before age sixteen(early-onset) as compared to individuals who began using cannabis later on the ageof sixteen (later-onset). Results ofthis study indicated that early-onset cannabis users exhibited increasedcortical activity in the parietal lobe as compared to later-onset cannabisusers. The researchers concluded thatthis increased cortical activity indicated decreased cortical ef ficiency inresponse to challenging working memory-related tasks in early-onset, but nonlater-onset, cannabis users (Becker et al., 2010). Such findings are consistent with a number ofstudies indicating that an earlier age of onset of cannabis use is associatedwith greater risk of negative impacts on cognitive functioning during adulthood(Ehrenreich et al., 1999 Fontes et al., 2011 Meier et al., 2012 Pope et al.,2003). Impact on the Development of Anxiety and DepressionSeveral studies indicate a connection among adolescent-onset cannabis use and the development of both disturbance anddepressive disorders (e.g., Brook, Rosen, & Brook, 2001 Degenhardt et al.,2013 Fairman, 2015 Hayatbakhshet al., 2007 Patton et al., 2002 van Laar, van Dorsselaer, Monshouwer, & de Graaf, 2007).Though past researchers have speculated about the directionality of thisrelationship, studies have consistently indicated that adolescent-onsetdepression is not predictive of later cannabis use (e.g., Degenhardt, Hall,& Lynskey, 2003 Moore et al., 2007 Womack, Shaw, Weaver, & Forbes,2016), negating the idea that depressive and/or anxiety symptoms lead to subscribement in cannabis use as a method acting of symptom relief. Instead, such findings promote the idea that cannabisuse during adolescence, in combination with other potential risk factors,increase the risk for the development of anxiety and depressive symptoms inadulthood (Levine et al., 2017). As withthe cognitive changes discussed in the previous section of this paper, it isearly-onset use of cannabis that appears to be riskiest with regard to thedevelopment of future anxiety and depressive symptoms (Hayatbakhsh et al.,2007 Patton et al., 2002). In an interesting study by Spechler et al.(2015), fMRIs were used to examine activity in the amygdalas of adolescent usersof cannabis. The researchers showedparticipants images of both angry and neutral faces, a well-known test ofamygdala activity and a well-regarded index of emotional proc essing. Results of this study indicated that comparedto the control group, adolescent cannabis users exhibited increased amygdalaactivity in response to the images of angry faces whereas the control groupshowed the same amount of amygdala activity when shown images of neutralfaces. Spechler et al. (2015) concludedthat adolescent cannabis use is associated with increased hypersensitivity tonegative affect. However, in this case,the directionality of the relationship is un readable it is possible that thesensitivity of the amygdala pre-dated the cannabis use and the cannabis use wasengaged in due to its anxiolytic effect.Conversely, it is possible that cannabis use led to increasedsensitivity in the amygdala. Either way,it appears that adolescent cannabis users are overly spiritualist to negativeaffect and the potential threat that accompanies it, which may explain theincreased incidence of depressive and anxious symptomatology in thispopulation. There are several potentialneurobiolog ical mechanisms explaining the relationship in the midst of adolescentcannabis use and the development of anxiety and depressive symptoms. One possibility is the impact of exogenouscannabinoids on the HPA axis system. Theendocannabinoid system regulates the responsivity of the HPA axis, which, aspreviously mentioned, undergoes significant development during the adolescentyears (Hill et al., 2010 Lee & Gorzalka, 2015 Romeo, 2013). Studies with both human and rodent subjectshave indicated that the use of exogenous cannabinoids during adolescence hasthe capacity to alter HPA axis stress responses, thus impacting emotionalityand the development of anxiety-related symptoms (Lee & Gorzalka, 2015).Lovelace et al. (2015) discuss anotherneurobiological mechanism that may underlie the relationship between adolescentcannabis use and the development of anxiety and depression. In a rodent study, these researchers examinedmaladaptations in the prefrontal cortex due to cannabis use by looking at presynaptic plasticity at glutamatergic synapses in adolescent rats. The results indicated that exposure toexogenous cannabinoids during adolescence led to over-activation of CB1receptors, which led to permanent changes in synapses in the prefrontalcortex. Overall, mice exposed toexogenous cannabinoids during adolescence showed a loss of presynapticplasticity, which impacts the brains ability to adapt to ever-changing environmentsand thus may contribute to an increased vulnerability of psychopathology duringadulthood (Lovelace et al., 2015). In an interesting rodent study conductedby Rubino et al. (2008), researchers found that exposure to THC duringadolescence was associated with decreased density and function of CB1 receptorsin the ventral tegmental area, the nucleus accumbens, and the amygdala. These areas of the brain are implicated inemotional processing and reward and are thus implicated in the development ofdepressive symptomatology. The behaviorof the rats in this study also mirrored depressive symptomatology. Specifically, rats exposed to THC duringadolescence exhibited both behavioural despair (which the researchers definedas time the rats were immobile) and anhedonia (as measured through decreasedconsumption of sucrose). interpreted together,it appears that several neurobiological mechanisms are at play in theconnection between adolescent cannabis use and the development of anxiety anddepressive symptoms. Impact on the Development of Psychotic DisordersA substantial body of literature has indicated a connection between the use of cannabis during adolescence and the later development of psychotic person disorders (e.g., van Os et al., 2002 Henquet et al., 2005 Stefanis et al., 2004). This is especially true for individuals who are already genetically predisposed to develop psychotic disorders (Henquet et al., 2005) though the connection has also been found in individuals that do not have this genetic predisposition (van Os et al., 2002). As with the impact on cognition and on anxiety/depressive symptoms, it appears that early-onset cannabis use (Arseneault et al., 2002 Moore et al., 2007) as well as heavier (i.e. daily or near-daily) use pose the greatest risk for the later development of a psychotic disorder (Moore et al., 2007 van Os et al., 2002).Rubino and Parolaro (2014) discuss the possible neurobiological mechanisms behind the connection between adolescent cannabis use and the development of psychotic disorders. In general, it appears that the use of exogenous cannabinoids during adolescence disrupts the maturational processes occurring in the brain during this time, especially in the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex two areas of the brain that are implicated in the psychotic disorder schizophrenia, in particular. The endocannabinoid system itself undergoes a significant amount of change during the adolescent years thus, exogenous cannabinoid exposure during this time period has the potential to alter the long-term functionality of CB1 receptors, which then impacts the activity of several neurotransmitters implicated in psychotic symptomatology, especially dopamine (Rubino & Parolaro, 2014). Additionally, being exposed to cannabis during the adolescent period has been shown to disrupt prepulse inhibition (the ability to accurately perceive and process stimuli) and down-regulate GABAergic activity in the prefrontal cortex both symptoms commonly seen in individuals with schizophrenia (Morales-Muoz et al., 2014 Zamberletti et al., 2014). As previously mentioned, individuals who have a genetically predisposed vulnerability to develop psychotic disorders are at an especially high risk to do so if they engage in cannabis use during adolescence (Henquet et al., 2005). For example, individuals who have a specific variant of the gene for catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), which breaks down dopamine the neurotransmitter implicated in schizophrenia are at a much higher risk for developing the disor der if they used cannabis during adolescence as compared to individuals who do not have that specific variant of the gene for COMT (Caspi et al., 2005). Another gene that influences the relationship between adolescent cannabis use and psychosis is the ATK1 gene, which affects dopamine breakdown in the striatum. According to DiForti et al. (2012), cannabis users with a certain variant of the ATK1 gene were seven times more likely to develop psychosis as compared to individuals with this gene variant who did not use cannabis. Clearly, in individuals that already possess these specific genetic variants, cannabis use during adolescence can be the trigger that leads to the expression of these genes and the development of psychotic symptoms and/or disorders. In addition, adults with psychotic disorders who used cannabis during adolescence are at a greater risk for recur of psychotic symptoms, poorer adherence to treatment, and increased rates of hospitalization related to their diagnosi s (Hunt, Bergen, & Bashir, 2002 Lewis, Tarrier, & Drake, 2005 Wade et al., 2006). Impact on the Future Development of Substance Use DisordersSeveral studies have indicated a link between adolescent cannabis use and the later development of a substance use disorder. Again, this relationship is especially strong for individuals that engage in cannabis use in early adolescence and who engage in heavy (i.e., daily or near-daily) use (Fergusson, Boden, & Horwood, 2006 Hall & Lynskey, 2005 Stuart & Green, 2008). Past researchers have speculated upon various explanations for this trend, including the so-called gateway hypothesis. In general, the gateway hypothesis assumes that individuals who use harder drugs such as heroin and cocaine almost always started their use of substances with using cannabis, and that this link is explicitly causal (Van Gundy & Rebellon, 2010). This hypothesis is based on research findings indicating that the use of cannabis during adolescence often predates the u se of other illicit substances, including heroin, methamphetamines, and cocaine (Fergusson et al., 2006). Though the causality of this link has been repeatedly questioned in the literature (e.g., Morral, McCaffrey, & Paddock, 2002 Van Gundy & Rebellon, 2010), many researchers have attempted to explain the mechanisms behind the early use of cannabis and the later use of other substances and/or development of a substance use disorder. There are countless potential psychosocial explanations for this connection (e.g., peer pressure, propensity toward risk-taking behaviors, availability of substances, etc.) however, for the purposes of this paper, the potential neurobiological mechanisms behind the connection will be discussed.The major possible neurobiological mechanism behind the connection between early cannabis use and the later development of a substance use disorder has to do with the effect of cannabis on the brains opioidergic system. A great deal of animal research has indicate d that the endocannabinoid system and the opioidergic system are intricately linked. For example, Pickel, Chan, Kash, Rodriguez, and Mackie (2004) and Rodriguez, Mackie, and Pickel (2001) found that CB1 receptors and opioid receptors are found on the same neurons in both the striatum and the ventral tegmental area, and Cossu et al. (2001) and Ledent et al. (1999) found that animals without CB1 receptor genes do not self-administer opioids. Drawing upon this clear connection betweenthe endocannabinoid and opioidergic brain systems, Ellgren, Spano, and Hurd(2007) investigated the hypothesis that cannabis exposure during adolescencechanges opioid-related neural functions and leads to increased likelihood of lateropioid use. Findings of this researchconfirmed that rats exposed to THC during the adolescent periodself-administered greater amounts of heroin compared to the control group. Moreover, findings indicated that ratsexposed to THC in adolescence showed a persistent disturbance in the activityof enkephalin, which is the endogenous opioid neuropeptide associated withreward behaviors and sybaritic states. Findingsalso indicated that THC exposure led to changes in the functions of opioidreceptors such that heroin use was more reinforcing (via dopamine release) forrats exposed to THC during adolescence as compared to the control group. Taken together, these results indicate thatcannabis use during adolescence leads to a greater vulnerability to the reinforcingeffects of opioids during adulthood, potentially leading to a greater risk fordependence and likelihood of relapse of substance use disorders. ConclusionDespite the increasing popularity of cannabis use, both for medicinal and recreational purposes (Hwang & Clarke, 2016 Leyton, 2016), it is important to consider the resulting increased availability of cannabis to individuals during the sensitive period of adolescence. Given the profound changes occurring in the brain during adolescence (Arain et al., 2013 Dahl, 2003 Hart, 2007 Lubman et al., 2007), teenagers are particularly susceptible to the influence of substances, which may lead to lasting changes in the brains functioning. Such changes are associated with poor outcomes in several areas, including deficits in performance on executive function tasks (Becker et al., 2010 Ehrenreich et al., 1999 Fontes et al., 2011 Gruber et al., 2014 Meier et al., 2012 Pope et al., 2003 Tapert et al., 2002), an increased risk for the development of anxiety and/or depressive symptoms (Brook et al., 2001 Degenhardt et al., 2013 Fairman, 2015 Hayatbakhsh et al., 2007 Patton et al., 2002 van Laar, van Dorsselaer, Monshouwer, & de Graaf, 2007), an increased risk for the development of a psychotic disorder (Arseneault et al., 2002 Caspi et al., 2005 DiForti et al., 2012 Henquet et al., 2005 Moore et al., 2007 Rubino & Parolaro, 2014 Stefanis et al., 2004 van Os et al., 2002), and an increased risk for future substance use/dependence (Fergusson et al., 2 006 Hall & Lynskey, 2005 Stuart & Green, 2008). Such considerations may have important implications for policy development related to the legalization of cannabis. 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Evidence for the risks an d consequences ofadolescent cannabis exposure.Journal of the American Academy of Child& Adolescent Psychiatry,56(3), 214-225.http//dx.doi.org.proxyiub.uits.iu.edu/10.1016/j.jaac.2016.12.014 Retrievedfrom http//proxyiub.uits.iu.edu/login?url=https//search-proquest-com.proxyiub.uits.iu.edu/docview/1875567972?accountid=11620Lewis, S. W., Tarrier, N., &Drake, R. J. (2005). Integrating non-drug treatments in early schizophrenia.TheBritish Journal of Psychiatry,187, s65-s71. doihttp//dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.187.48.s65Leyton, M.(2016). Legalizing marijuana. Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, 41(2),75-76. http//dx.doi.org.proxyiub.uits.iu.edu/10.1503/jpn.160012 Retrieved fromhttp//proxyiub.uits.iu.edu/login?url=https//search-proquest-com.proxyiub.uits.iu.edu/docview/1819128922?accountid=11620Lovelace,J. W., Corches, A., Vieira, P. A., Hiroto, A. S., Mackie, K., & Korzus, E.(2015). An animal model of female adolescent cannabinoid exposure elicits along-lasting deficit in presynaptic long-t erm plasticity.Neuropharmacology,99,242-255. doihttp//dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.04.034Lu, A.T., Ogdie, M. N., Jrvelin, M., Moilanen, I. K., Loo, S. K., McCracken, J. T.,McGough, J. J., Yang, M. H., Peltonen, L., Nelson, S. F., Cantor, R. M., &Smalley, S. L. (2008). Association of the cannabinoid receptor gene (CNR1) withADHD and post-traumatic stress disorder.American Journal of MedicalGenetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics,147b(8), 1488-1494.doihttp//dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.b.30693Lubman, D., Bonomo, Y., & Yucel,M. (2007). Drug use in young peopleshort-term effects and long-term harms. In Gilvarry, E., & McArdle, P.(Eds.). Alcohol, Drugs, and Young People Clinical Approaches, Clinics inDevelopmental Medicine No. 172. London Mac Keith Press, pp. 18-50. Meier,M. H., Caspi, A., Ambler, A., Harrington, H., Houts, R., Keefe, R. S. E.,MacDonald, K., Ward, A., Poulton, R., & Moffitt, T. E. (2012). moodycannabis users show neuropsychological decline from childhood to midlife .PNASProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States ofAmerica,109(40), E2657-E2664.doihttp//dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1206820109Moore,T. H. M., Zammit, S., Lingford-Hughes, A., Barnes, T. R. E., Jones, P. B.,Burke, M., & Lewis, G. (2007). Cannabis use and risk of psychotic oraffective mental heath outcomes A systematic review.TheLancet,370(9584), 319-328.doihttp//dx.doi.org.proxyiub.uits.iu.edu/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61162-3Morales-Muoz,I., Jurado-Barba, R., Ponce, G., Martnez-Gras, I., ngel Jimnez-Arriero, M.,Moratti, S., & Rubio, G. (2014). Characterizing cannabis-induced psychosisA study with prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex.PsychiatryResearch,220(1-2), 535-540. doihttp//dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2014.08.010Moreira, F. A., & Lutz, B.(2008). The endocannabinoid system Emotion, learning and addiction.AddictionBiology,13(2), 196-212.doihttp//dx.doi.org.proxyiub.uits.iu.edu/10.1111/j.1369-1600.2008.00104.xMorral,A. R., McCaffrey, D. F., & Paddock, S. M . (2002). Reassessing the marijuanagateway effect.Addiction,97(12), 1493-1504.doihttp//dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00280.xPatton,G. C., Coffey, C., Carlin, J. B., Degenhardt, L., Lynskey, M., & Hall, W.(2002). Cannabis use and mental health in younger people Cohort study.BMJBritish Medical Journal,325(7374), 1195-1198.doihttp//dx.doi.org.proxyiub.uits.iu.edu/10.1136/bmj.325.7374.1195Pickel, V. M., Chan, J., Kash, T. L., Rodriguez, J. J., & MacKie, K.(2004). Compartment-specific jam of cannabinoid 1 (CB1) and -opioidreceptors in rat nucleus accumbens.Neuroscience,127(1),101-112.Pope, H.G., Jr., Gruber, A. J., Hudson, J. I., Cohane, G., Heustis, M. A., &Yurgelun-Todd, D. (2003). Early-onset cannabis use and cognitive deficits Whatis the nature of the association?Drug and Alcohol Dependence,69(3),303-310. doihttp//dx.doi.org.proxyiub.uits.iu.edu/10.1016/S0376-8716(02)00334-4Quinn,H. R., Matsumoto, I., Callaghan, P. D., Long, L. E., Arnold, J. C.,Gunasekaran, N., Thompson, M. R ., Dawson, B., Mallet, P. E., Kashem, M. A.,Mastuda-Matsumoto, H., Iwazaki, T., & McGregor, I. S. (2008). Adolescentrats find repeated -THC less aversive than adult rats but display greaterresidual cognitive deficits and changes in hippocampal protein expressionfollowing exposure.Neuropsychopharmacology,33(5), 1113-1126. doihttp//dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1301475Rodrguez,J. J., Mackie, K., & Pickel, V. M. (2001). Ultrastructural localization ofthe CB1 cannabinoid receptor in -opioid receptor patches of the rat caudateputamen nucleus.Journal of Neuroscience,21(3), 823-833Romeo,R. D. (2013). The teenage brain The stress response and the adolescent brain.CurrentDirections in Psychological Science,22(2), 140-145.doihttp//dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963721413475445Rubino,T., & Parolaro, D. (2014). Cannabis abuse in adolescence and the risk ofpsychosis A brief review of the preclinical evidence.Progress inNeuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry,52, 41-44.doihttp//dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pnp bp.2013.07.020Rubino, T., Realini, N., Guidali, C., Braida, D., Capurro, V.,Castiglioni, C., & Parolaro, D. (2008). Chronic 9-tetrahydrocannabinol during adolescence provokes sex-dependent changes in theemotional profile in adult rats behavioral and biochemical correlates.Neuropsychopharmacology,33(11),2760.Sobesky, M., &Gorgens, K. (2016). Cannabis and adolescents Exploring the substance misusetreatment provider experience in a climate of legalization. InternationalJournal of Drug Policy, 33, 66-74.http//dx.doi.org.proxyiub.uits.iu.edu/10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.02.008 Retrievedfrom http//proxyiub.uits.iu.edu/login?url=https//search-proquest-com.proxyiub.uits.iu.edu/docview/1813639780?accountid=11620Spechler, P. A., Orr, C. A., Chaarani,B., Kan, K., Mackey, S., Morton, A., Snowe, M. P., Hudson, K. E., Althoff, R.R., Higgins, S. T., Cattrell, A., Flor, H., Nees, F., Banaschewski, T., Bokde,A. L. W., Whelan, R., Buchel, C., Bromburg, U., Conrod, P., Frouin, V.,Papadopoulous, D., Gallinat , J., Heinz, A., Walter, H., Ittermann, B., Gowland,P., Paus, T., Poustka, L., Martinot, J., Artiges, E., Smolka, M. N., Schumann,G., & Garavan, H. (2015). Cannabis use in early adolescence Evidence ofamygdala hypersensitivity to signals of threat.Developmental CognitiveNeuroscience,16, 63-70.doihttp//dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2015.08.007Stefanis, N. C., Delespaul, P.,Henquet, C., Bakoula, C., Stefanis, C. N., & Van Os, J. (2004). Earlyadolescent cannabis exposure and positive and negative dimensions of psychosis.Addiction,99(10),1333-1341. doihttp//dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00806.xStuart, E. A., & Green, K. M.(2008). Using full matching to estimate causal effects in nonexperimentalstudies Examining the relationship between adolescent marijuana use and adultoutcomes.Developmental Psychology,44(2), 395-406.doihttp//dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.44.2.395Tait, R. J., Mackinnon, A., &Christensen, H. (2011). Cannabis use and cognitive function 8year trajectoryin a young adult coh ort.Addiction,106(12), 2195-2203.doihttp//dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03574.xTapert, S. F., Granholm, E., Leedy, N.G., & Brown, S. A. (2002). Substance use and withdrawal Neuropsychologicalfunctioning over 8 years in youth.Journal of the InternationalNeuropsychological Society,8(7), 873-883.doihttp//dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1355617702870011Van Gundy, K., & Rebellon, C. J.(2010). A life-course perspective on the gateway hypothesis.Journalof Health and Social Behavior,51(3), 244-59. Retrieved fromhttp//proxyiub.uits.iu.edu/login?url=https//search.proquest.com/docview/755695027?accountid=11620van Laar, M., van Dorsselaer, S.,Monshouwer, K., & de Graaf, R. (2007). Does cannabis use predict the firstincidence of mood and anxiety disorders in the adult population?Addiction,102(8),1251-1260.doihttp//dx.doi.org.proxyiub.uits.iu.edu/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.01875.xVanOs, J., Bak, M., Hanssen, M., Bijl, R. V., De Graaf, R., & Verdoux, H.(2002). Cannabis use and psychosis a longitudinal pop ulation-basedstudy.American journal of epidemiology,156(4),319-327. doi https//doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwf043Wade, D., Harrigan, S., Edwards, J.,Burgess, P. M., Whelan, G., & McGorry, P. D. (2006). Course of substancemisuse and daily tobacco use in first-episode psychosis.SchizophreniaResearch,81(2-3), 145-150.doihttp//dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2005.09.010Womack, S. R., Shaw, D. S., Weaver, C.M., & Forbes, E. E. (2016). Bidirectional associations between cannabis useand depressive symptoms from adolescence through early adulthood among at-riskyoung men.Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs,77(2),287-297. doihttp//dx.doi.org.proxyiub.uits.iu.edu/10.15288/jsad.2016.77.287Zamberletti, E., Beggiato, S., Steardo Jr, L., Prini, P., Antonelli,T., Ferraro, L., Rubino, T., & Parolaro, D. (2014). Alterations ofprefrontal cortex GABAergic transmission in the complex psychotic-likephenotype induced by adolescent delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol exposure inrats.Neurobiology of disease,63, 35-47.

Movie Analysis Of The Film Legion

Movie Analysis Of The Film LegionThe movie uncloudeds with a scene of a vast, barren land with a wo cosmoss voice on the secondground solemn and weary. The wo valet narrates ab proscribed her memories of her mother constantly reminding her to always have a heart-to-heart talk with theology. This was true until that second they were left by her father (the husband). Instead, she only talks more or less the Apocalypse, dictateing that God has become tired of this crazy bullshit.The next scene is in Los Angeles, the twenty-third of December 102 am. there is darkness filled with chaotic sounds such as sirens, the loud thunder and shattering of glass with a reflection of a bloody moon. therefore came Michael, f on the wholeing from the sky. He went to a dark tot in allyey, pulled an ornate knife and started peeling of his coat, disclosure his go (through shadow). He began tearing his wings from his backside using the sharp knife. To tend his wounds, Michael went privileged a weapon/gun/survival shop (GUN AND SPORT WORLD), killing the person guarding it from the inside. He used a fishing wire to stitch the horrendous holes on his back left by the detachment. He raced a yen racks and racks of guns, searching for weapons the powerful ones.Mean spot, two cops, Burton and Estevez, patrols downtown in their pr roundice of law gondola (LAPD). Burton blurted how burning the streets would make him keen. A fresh start, thats what this place needs. he said. Estevez was not even finished expressing his thoughts when a loud explosion commenced well-nigh right in front of them. Michael gradually step ups from the smoke motorcarrying two huge sports bag. He was confronted by the two cops, ordering him to drop the bags and to position his hands mint buoy his head. Estevez slowly approached him and attempted to cuff his hands only if as soon as he was near, Michael was able to grab him to be used as a human shield. Burton, while pointing the gun towards Mic hael and commanding him to let go of his partner, suddenly had his head shaking ilk mad. The now possessed Burton reminded and warned Michael that this was not the orders given to him by God and if he continues he will die together with the baby (human races only hope).Michael was able to kill the possessed cop, leaving both cops brioless. He control away using the police car.The movie continues with the scene intending what is going to be the main venue of the movies high dispirits. There is a cope with of old silvern trailers which awaited like has not moved from the ground for a want period of time. Then, there was jeep Hanson, bolted awake from a big dream, covered with feat and breathe deep. He got up from bed, stepped stunned of one of the trailers, gazed up to the diners roof where a large sign glows PARADISE FALLS GAS N GRUB and contemp of lated. Then came Charlie, a very pregnant girl who asked landrover if he is alright and shargond that she could not sleep b ecause of the constant kicking of the baby. They had a deep converse about how he worries about her too much even though the baby is not his. Jeep said that she hobo laugh like everybody else merely he believes that she screwing be better with him and that they can raise the baby together. Charlie just kissed him on the cheek and left.It is now morning, a regular day for the keepers of the diner. Bob, the possessor and Jeeps father, is shown trying to fix the TV while a wispy named Percy is cooking on the grill. They had a short parley about their partnership and relationship. While on the other side of the diner, there is a beautiful girl, Audrey, seductively leaning over a jukebox. She is the epitome of rebellion. Watching their daughter move her hips to the beat, Howard and Sandra Anderson were both disgusted. The couple and the daughter had a hardly a(prenominal) exchanges as to why she dressed like that and how she did not fail in answering them back every time.A black Cadillac driven by a black, Kyle, blazed the desert path. He passed a weathered route sign ENTERING PARADISE FALLS, NEXT SERVICES 50 MILES. He grabbed his cell phone only to find out that there is no signal in the area. He then spotted the diner just up the road ahead. He pulled over and got out of the car. Leaning next to the broken phones is Charlie. Kyle grabbed a crumpled hand drawn map and showed it to the very pregnant woman who was then smoking. He let out a statement that smoking is not going to do any good for the baby. Intrigued, Charlie said that she metier remove quitting. Kyle asked Charlie if he is anywhere near where he is going by showing the map. Charlie said he is not even close. Jeep saw the two talk and asked if everything is alright. Charlie said that the man is just lost and needs a phone, and that was when they both entered the diner.Bob, upon seeing cigarette sticks held by Charlie, claimed that it is about time for her to quit smoking payable to her con dition. Charlie replied that he is not in the position to tell her that since he as well as smokes that heavy. Charlie then gave a pack of cigarettes to Kyle. Kyle is about to ask Bob if he can use his phone when Howard plainlyted in to verify when will their car be fixed. Bob went out of the diner and into the mechanics bay only to find out that Jeep is not doing his job fixing the car, instead, the man is busy cleaning up a small crib for Charlies. Bob became upset and started confronting Jeep about what he is doing with his life, about his obsession towards Charlie and about his future. Bob appreciates that it is time for him to leave the place. Jeep said otherwise, saying that he is constantly having dreams about Charlie and about something that he needs to do barely having a hard time figuring it out. Bob told him that he had same visions when he was little, which only led him to his mediocre life right now. Bob walks back to the diner.Dark clouds form and atmosphere the horizon to the south. Jeep shifts his gaze up to the north highway. Same thing. A storm is coming. Meanwhile, back into the diner, Kyle is again about to address Bob on using the phone when something caught Bobs attention. The TV is on snow-screen. Bob gave it a final wallop and the picture snaps into the pure(a) GRAPHIC OF THE EMERGENCY BROADCASTING SYSTEM accompanied by its hollow nip which filled the diner. Percys old battery-powered radio did the same thing, hollow tone station after station. Kyles colloquy with his son was cut off and dial tone was lost. Audrey speculated that it can be a terrorist attack. Bob calmed everyone down (especially Mrs Anderson) and speculated that this was just a line problem.A beat up Eighties Cutlass Supreme pulled off the highway and pulley blockped abreast the pump station. An old lady stepped out of the car with her metal frame and wheels of a walker. Grandma entered the diner and ordered, commented on how unusual the name Charlie is for a girl. The old woman smiled to the Andersons and said that things will be over soon. Jeep entered the diner and quietly huddled with Bob about the cars condition. He said that he could try to fix the car but it might take time. Bob was upset about the news. Moments later, Charlie handed over the order and started having a conversation with the guest. As what seemed to be a sudden turn of event, Gladys started affidavit and exclaiming that all babies should burn including Charlies. Mortified with what she heard, Sandra well- tried and true silencing Gladys but she failed, only to be called a cunt who always complain. Shocked and stirred with what Gladys has said to Sandra, Howard stood and tried making Gladys apologize for what she said. Gladys lunges towards Howard and took a bite out of his neck which made him crumbled to the floor. Percy threw a pan to the old woman which broke her neck. Surprisingly, she is lock up standing, ready to round down anyone in the diner. She jumped and started walking on the wall and up to the ceiling like a lizard/crab, landed right in front of Bob, who was shooting his scattergun, slapped him, and knocked him unconscious. The shotgun clatters at Jeeps feet. Jeep snatches it and aims at grandma but cannot pull the trigger. He does not have enough courage to do so. Gladys s lap uped he cannot save HER and rocketed rightful(a) at him when suddenly three gunshots came from behind which knocked Gladys dead. It was Kyle with his gun.Percy, Kyle, Sandra and Audrey frantically carry Howard, his neck bandaged, to the Escalade. Kyle drove as closely as he could, hitting the gas hard. Audrey observe the dark clouds ahead but was not sure what it was. Kyle grips the wheel, picking up speed. Suddenly, hundreds of tiny bugs begin to hit the windshield. They are not clouds, they are flies The car then entered the swarm. Everyone is screaming.Back to the diner, Jeep is puking into a toilet bowl. Bob is tending his sored cheek. The fathe r and son had a conversation about what happened moments ago. Jeep is botheration inside, telling his father how coward he was not existence able to pull the trigger. Bob comforted his son by telling him that it was alright and that not everybody can play hero. They heard the sound of the front accession chimes. Kyle, Percy, Sandra and Audrey carry Howard into the diner, all of them gasping for air. They narrated what happened on their way and Percy raced for the back to get his Bible and to start praying.A police cruiser skidded to a wild stop in front of the diner. It was Michael. Charlies face lit up when she saw the police car but froze a some feet from the car when she saw those piercing eyes of Michael. In moments, Bob, Kyle and Jeep formed a protective shield in front of Charlie. Bob raised his shotgun and demanded Michael to show his teeth. Michael let out a dangerous smile and snatched the gun from Bob, telling them that they do not have much time and possessed good de al like Gladys will arrive in no time. Michael distributed the weapons from the cars trunk and ordered everyone to go back inside the diner and seal the place. Everybody is clueless of what is happening.That night, two headlights appear in the darkness. An ice cream truck rolls slowly toward the diner. The eerie music emanates from the speaker on its roof. A tall figure stepped out of the van. The ice cream man is unnaturally thin. His gaze snaps up to the roof, jaw unhinges, bolts to the diner with startling speed. Michael and the men started firing. Bullets rip into the creatures body, knocking him on his back, arms and legs still twitched. Not long after, numerous headlights appear from the darkness as what seemed to be a parade of commuters. The men let loose with ferocious firepower. Explosions here and there, tires blow out, engines crash vehicles reduce and collide with one another. Dark shapes bolt from the burning vehicles, scattering and surveying the condition of the are a. They converge the diner form all directions, they move so fast it is as if their feet do not touch the ground. The men followed Michaels instructions and cut down everything in sight. Casings drop from their weapons like mad. Bodies burst and crumble to the ground.Suddenly, something got a involve of Howards body. It was torn away from Sandra. Howard screamed for help. Sandra dived for Howards stretched hands. It was a teenager about Audreys age. See what you made me do, mother? Charlie and Audrey rushed to Sandras side. Howard screamed as his body is torturously stretched. Then, another disfigured man punched through the windowpane, grabbed Charlies hands. Jeep came to rescue and grabbed her free arm just before shes pulled through. Without the help, Howard is ripped from his familys hands and out of the window. The dark figures started to pull back as if they had what they want. Charlie was still try from the rip of the creepy man when a sound of metal slashing flesh was hear d. It was Michael who managed to disarm the possessed. Jeep and Charlie scooted away from the window as Michael lit up the night with successive firepower. later on the incident, Bob demanded some explanation of what was going on. Michael told them that this is extermination that the weakest willed are the easiest to turn. Those hatful were possessed by apotheosiss. Percy pointed out what he knows is that angels are the good guys, followed by a statement from Bob that he does not even believe in God. Michael said that their beliefs do not matter right now as the only thing that matters is the safety of Charlies baby. This intrigued Charlie, saying that she is just a regular waitress not worthy of any saving. The fallen angel stressed the fact that she bears the child who is the only hope for mankind, the Messiah. Either your child lives or Mankind dies, he said.They guarded from the roof in shifts of two. Percy and Kyle were first. They had a conversation about Percy being in army for two tours and about the gun Kyle used to kill grandma. They were surrounded with coldness. Percy let out a memory when he was a kid, when his father used to remind him to be happy and be satisfied with life until the very last day. Meanwhile, in the kitchen, Bob was cooking while Sandra stared blankly at her prescriptions. Bob, noticing how distressed Sandra is, offered a can of beer. Sandra politely accepted it and sipped a little, reminded her of Howard and how he was the beer drinker in the family. Sandra burst to tears.Jeep and Michael had a conversation about everything going on and about Michaels past. Michael narrated that he was one time the general of His army and that his love and hope for mankind has not yet lessened. Jeep questioned Michael as to why he continued believing in mankind. He shared that he had witnessed mankind abuse the gift given to them through wars and killings. He also shared how he saw some people not lose hope which Some people, realize that be ing lost is so close to being found. He said that Jeep is one of those people, that Jeep is one of the reasons he is doing this right now. Michael headed for the roof, left Jeep staring after him, deep in thought.There is a faint glint of sunlight, the 24th of December. Michael is searching the horizon for movement. Sandra awakened, heard the voice of Howard calling her. Sandra rushed to the back door, pushed the tables blocking her way out. Kyle tried to stop Sandra but her determination and longing to see her husband helped her knock the black man, hit his head on the table. Audrey tried to do the same thing but was pushed back. Percy came to get a hold of the hysterical woman who managed to get out and was just a few feet away from the nailed husband. Suddenly, Howards body, covered with boils and pustules, exploded, shooting acidic juice around him. Percy was able to shield Sandra by making an about-face while holding her tightly. They managed to go back inside the diner. He ca me to a stop and fell, revealing the whole back side of his body, melted by the acid. Percy just died in front of Bob.Bob was so devastated by the death of his friend. rupture fell from his eyes. Meanwhile, a scene showed Sandra being tied by Bob and Michael. In a booth, Audrey watched as her mother is being restrained. She re dour her attention to Percys radio, tuning, trying to find something in the static. after(prenominal) a while, she called everyones attention as she finely tuned the radio for the hint of a voice. It was a broadcast about a resistance formed against the possessed people on the outskirts of Las Vegas, also in Red Rock national in the northern Mojave Desert area. Michael antagonisticed everyones belief that they can head to Red Rock National for refuge, saying it is too risky to leave.Charlie stood at the sink, filled her lungs with smoke from the cigarette. She caught a look at herself in the mirror, run her hand along the curvature of her venter. Tears we lled up in her eyes. Jeep and Charlie had a conversation about her not willing to give birth to the Messiah, about Jeeps unconditional love towards her and how she did not like the entire thing. Jeep left her in hurt and frustration, telling her to let him know if she is done feeling sorry for herself.Audrey and Kyle are piece of groundd on the roof together, keeping watch. Kyle was teaching Audrey on how to hold a gun. Kyle was surprised, it is as if Audrey has been holding one all her life. Audrey stared to the red nothingness surrounding them. Then she shared why their family was on their way to Scottsdale. She told him that her parents believed that a more wholesome place would help her change her ways. The conversation turned into passionate kissing and touching. Then all of a sudden, the diner came back to life. The jukebox started filling the room with music, TV glowed with bright rolling static and the electric fans started spinning. After a moment, headlights appear on th e highway. A Family Minivan halt at the pump. A man jumped out of the car and, seeing that the coast is clear, raced around to the gas pump. Then an army of dark shades swarmed in fast. Kyle and Audrey tried all their might to warn the family about the trap but were too late. The man was bitten splats of blood filled the vans windows. The mother and son frantically avoided the grips of the creatures.Kyle makes a desperately courageous play. He leaps onto the roofs sloped overhang sliding fast he drops to the ground in front of the diner. Kyle charges the dark mob. Creatures peel away from the woman and male child to confront Kyle head-on. He lets loose with a rain of bullets. He closes in on the family, blasting back the creatures huddled around them. He finds the young boy curled up with his hands protectively covering his face. Kyle swoops down and gathers the boy into his arms. Kyle moves on to the mother. But something odd is happening. Kyles throat is torn out. Kyle drops to his knees. Up on the roof, Audrey watches helplessly as Kyle falls. Out the window they see Audrey drop down from the roof and run towards Kyle. The boy moves toward Audrey, stepping over Kyles body. Audrey backs away. She looks toward the entrance to the diner. Theyre everywhere. Shes trapped. She notices the open door to the Minivan. And so she bolts. Audrey dives into the car as the throng of creatures rapidly closes in. She hammers the auto door lock. She moves to the center of the car as gruesome faces press against the windows. With stunning calm, Michael marches straight for the pumps. In the minivan, Audrey screams as the windows begin to crack.Michael grabs a gas pump, flips the lever and points it at the minivan. The creatures covering the car turn to look at Michael. And thats when he starts spraying gas at them. Up comes Michaels gun in his other hand and shoots the spray of gas turning it into a spray of fire. The minivan is engulfed in flames. Bursting out of flame s, Michael marches confidently into the diner. Jeep slams the door closed just as the wall of fire reaches them. Michaels clothes are a smoky, smouldering mess. Jeep and Bob rush to pat him down.Charlie dashes behind the counter to the sink. She fills up a pitcher of water. The young boy with the lifeless white eyes stands before her wielding an enormous butchers knife. The boy swings the knife at her, slicing open the waitress outfit covering her pregnant belly. Charlie tumbles back to the ground behind the counter. She frantically pushes herself away from the approaching boy. The boy instinctively raises his hands to strike again, but theres no knife. Charlie watches in horror as the boy calmly realizes that his thumbs are missing. Charlie pulls her legs in close then rockets them out at the boys chest. Hes catapulted away from her. Michael leaps over the counter, get in front of Charlie, guns ready for action. But the boy is gone. Jeep and Bob whip up their guns as Michael throw s the wicked creature into the air. Audrey helps Charlie to her feet. She winces. Charlie, drenched in sweat is writhing on the ground with Michael holding down her arms and Audrey kneeling between her legs. Pots of steaming water surround them. Charlies screaming rises up from below.A deep, long, sound tone rising up off the plain, as if emanating from the largest horn ever constructed. Michael reacts to the sound. Urgency comes over him. Audrey arrives with more steaming water. Charlie pushes, tears streaming down her face, activated with pain. Jeep and Bob watch helplessly as the army of creatures has closed within a hundred yards of the diner. Their ranks stretch back seemingly without end into the darkness. Jeep rests a comforting hand on his fathers shoulder. Bob pulls his son close and hugs him with all his might, tears filling his eyes. Audrey places the child in Charlies arms. She stares at the baby, holding it at a distance, unsure of whether to embrace it or be terrifie d by it. A commitment shes not yet ready to make, even at this late hour.Off Charlies look, we move across the diner where Audrey approaches her mother, kneels down in front of her. Despite how much her mother pisses her off, it breaks her heart to see her in such a demoralized state. Audrey moves to hand over the baby to Charlie. Sandra springs out of the chair an snatches the baby from Audreys arms. Sandra backs away from them, moving toward the front door. Hers is the face of madness. A brilliant spectral light pours into the diner. Sandra is blinded. She raises a hand to block the light. And thats when Michael fires. Sandra staggers back, blood dripping from the hole in her forehead, and the baby goes f guile from her hand. Charlie screams and everything suddenly goes very quiet. Jeep dives for the baby, catching the bundle of rags mere inches from the ground. And then he looks up to see the dark silhouette of a man approaching from out of the spectral light a man with wings.Je eps eyes grow wide as the fierce angel steps into the diner. This is a creature built for war. His body armour making him appears disturbingly insect-like. His wings are not feathery or gentle. Rather they are hard, mechanical, an organic machine. The angels wings retract with clockwork-like precision. Gabriel flies into a wall in an attempt to whip Michael. He fails that but succeeds in leaving a massive dent. Gabriel runs/flies for the opposite wall. This one doesnt hold and the two enemies crash through it into the bathroom. Unbelievably Michael is still holding on. Gabriel is up. He thrusts himself back into the bathroom mirror. It shatters painfully behind Michael. Gabriel rages out of the bathroom and into the diner. Michael continues to ride him like a wild bull. Gabriel slams Michael into a wall once more. Its a brutal struggle. Gabriel spots his macebearer sticking out of the wall within arms reach. He grabs it, holding it futilely in front of him. Gabriels strength is gi ving way. Michael is winning.Gabriel lets out a tremendous roar and plunges one of the maces long spikes into his own stomach. Michaels eyes go wide with surprise, his grip loosens. Gabriel has run them both through. Gabriel rips the mace from his body and stumbles forward. Blood pours from a huge hole in Michaels chest right through his heart. Gabriel looks down at the hole in his own belly not nearly as bad as Michaels. Michael falls to his knees weakening. Gabriel looms over Michael. Michael looks up at him, blood leaking from his mouth. Gabriel watches as the last of the writing fades from Michaels body when he hears a faint clicking sound from somewhere in the diner. Gabriel moves gracefully through the destroyed diner, toward the source of the clicking. He steps behind the counter and finds Bob lying in a massive pool of blood. It takes the creature a moment to realize that the clicking sound is coming from Bobs lighter. Bob is focusing every last snow leopard of life in h is body to lighting that lighter. Bob looks at Gabriel. And with one last brush of his thumb, Bobs trusty lighter ignites. Gabriels eyes go wide as the tiny flames dance in front of the stoves broken gas line. Gabriel spins and runs like hell as the gas explodes.Jeep tries to hide his pleasure that the tables have turned at least a little. Charlie is about to respond when Audrey leans in from the back seat. Gabriel smashes down on the cruisers roof with massive force. Jeep grabs the gun and fires wildly up at the roof. Gabriel takes a direct hit in the thigh, causing him to slide off the roof and onto the trunk where he grabs a hold of the rear window frame for support. Audrey desperately tries to load a flare while avoiding Gabriels grasp. Jeep wobble get off another shot without the risk of hitting Audrey. Gabriel is near entirely in the car now. Audrey swings the flare gun toward Gabriel, but he knocks her hand aside just as she pulls the trigger and the flare goes off inside t he car. Gabriel lunges over the passenger seat, grasping for Charlie, his ferocious hand only inches from her and the baby. Audrey leaps onto Gabriel, pulling him away from Charlie just in time. He flails wildly about but this young girl rides him like one hell of a cowboy. Jeep slams on the breaks, sending Gabriel and Audrey shooting forward through the windshield like bullet. The intertwined bodies of Gabriel and Audrey hit the road with a sickening crunch and roll into a ball of fire.Charlie, the baby bundled in her hands, leads Jeep away from the demolished cruiser. They are only a few steps from the edge of the ridge when Gabriel rockets up in front of them. Jeep pushes her and the baby out of the way just as Gabriel comes down hard in front of them, kicking up a cloud of dust. Gabriels mechanical wings haltingly retract. The crash has done some serious damage. Much of his skin has burnt-out away. Gabriel is about to launch the finishing move when a ray of light blinded him as a creature descended from the heavens. It was Michael. Gabriel, pissed and agitated, launched an all-out attack to Michael with his rotating mace. After all, Michael was the General, countering the attack was a piece of cake. He managed to slice Gabriels stomach, rendering him immobile. Michael said that its enough and God has already seen what he needed. Gabriel took flight, leaving Michael and the newly-formed family behind. Michael took flight not long after, left them a message that the child is now their responsibility and that they would have to teach him all the goodness in the world. The last scene depicts a happy family, with a womans voice on the background just like in the opening, narrating that the birth of HER son marks the start of a new beginning for humanity.tail finB. CHARACTER ANALYSISI. ARCHANGEL MICHEAL (Paul Bettany) The commander of The Army of God defender of faith and of the church. In the movie, he abandoned his seat in heavens (thus a fallen angel) to fol low what he believed. He believed that mankind can still change for the better and that people will someday understand one another. God lost his faith in mankind, he did not.Im saying this is extermination. Those things out there are vessels. The Possessed. The weakest willed are the easiest to turn. This, explained in brief by Michael, shows how he is very beaten(prenominal) with the situation on contrary with the other characters. Knowing the situation, he is the only character fully prepared for what is coming.Well thats just fine, Bob, he doesnt believe in you either. This shows how well he knows Him, how he can speak for Him. After all, he is the General of His army and he can easily listen to what Gods heart has to say (though in the movie, they are not allowed to).Listen. I simply dont care what you people believe. And those things outside, they dont care either. They just want the child dead. Now, this first attack was a stress of our strength. The next will be a test of our weakness. Now we can sit here and discuss it Or you can try to help me. This shows his thought of urgency and leadership and how ready he is to protect what/who needs to be protected.When God chose your kind as the object of his love. I was the first in all of heaven to bow down before you. This tells us how Michael truly loves humankind and how honoured he was to serve in accordance to Gods will.No, Im following my own orders now. Depicts the rebellious act / change of heart of Michael to protect humanity against the Apocalypse.II. JEEP HANSON (Lucas Black) A unselfish man, who is constantly having some nightmares about Charlie. After being left by his mother, Jeep decided to stay with his father in a deserted place. He was, somehow, the driving force of his father (Bob Hanson) to stay strong and sane after all of the wrong decisions he had made in life. He is a perfect example of a hopeful human being.Must know something I dont? other bad dream..? Youre the only thing I like to worry about. Shows how caring and worried he is towards Charlies condition.I could help you. We could do it together. I want to This line tells us how willing Jeep is to take responsibility of Charlies even if the child is not his own flesh and blood a statement that points out how selfless Jeep is and how he loves Charlie unconditionally.Look. I know it doesnt make much sense to you. Sometimes it doesnt make much sense to me either. Ive been having these dreams about her. Some of them so bad I wish Id never have to sleep again. I just feel like its something I got to do. In this line, Jeep expresses his strong belief that he is doing the right thing, and he is doing what needs to be done though he cannot truly explain what that thing is. As uncertain as he is, he insists on doing what he believes and no one can stop him from doing so (even Charlie).III. CHARLIE (Adrianne Palicki) The troubled pregnant woman, who self-pities and blames herself for all the time she has lost for herself. She considers herself capable of nothing and is of no importance.Youre worried about a girl thats eight months pregnant and it isnt your baby. Its enough to give anybody nightmares. This line shows how unappreciative she is towards those people who love and care for her. Why cant she just be thankful?Bob, see where Im at right now? Can my condition really get any worse? One of the lines that show how pretty good Charlie is in putting down herself. She considers her pregnancy as a condition she is neither proud nor happy about. For her, it was all a slipWait just a minute. This cant be happening. Im nobody, Im just a waitress. I dont even own a car. The text explains it all.What makes you think I can do that? What makes you think I want to do that? If hes so important, why dont you take him? After the baby was born, she did not care. It was the fruit of her mistakes. It was even hard for her to look at the baby.Well, her view towards life changes at the end of the movie, so pretty much reality has sank in and lived happily with Jeep.C. REFLECTIONIt is pretty fascinating to think how God has just given up and lost faith to humanity. He, of all the beings, should know that as humans, we are prone to committing the extremes becoming very disobedient or very beneficial to one another. HE has given us free will, and we have used it. I think when you give someone freedom to do whatever he/she wants to do, then you would have to accept his course of action. But then again, religion would counteract this with the concept of grace which we would have to live in His grace.The movie depicted how people turned against one another the weakest willed being possessed, becoming more powerful and less prone to death than the willed ones. So, why did He not do the other way around possessing the willed ones to kill the weakest willed to wipe them all out? Why did He just not nuke all the sinful places and bless the faithful ones? I think God wanted t o give us a chance thanks to Michael the Messiah was introduced to the world unharmed. It took a one hell of a catastrophe and a fallen angel to make people realize what has been in front of us ever since but dont know how to utilize peace.To conclude, man is born naturally good. It is up to him to stay good or defy what has been written. We just have to be

Women in The Color Purple and The Handmaids Tale

Women in The Color Purple and The Handmaids TaleNM1The most common way community knuckle under up their precedent is by thinking they dont have any.1 NM2This quote from Alice Walker encapsulates the premise of her s namet The Color Purple and Margargont Atwoods The Handmaids Tale. Both novels aim to educate and light their audiences to the mental effect of female person subjugation. Walker and Atwood utilise a myriad of literary techniques, and the power of the female first-person narrative illuminating to all readers the victimisation and inhibition of women in patriarchal societies and households. Walkers quote is reflective of the protagonists in both(prenominal) novels only when they think they have no power, is when they are genuinely powerless.This estimation can be ascertained from the opening move epistles of The Color Purple, the reader is immediately lambasted with the psychological do of persecution on the protagonist, Celie, at the hands of her father2, Alp honse. Walkers deployment of the first-person epistolary structure subconsciously precipitates for the reader nice Celies emotional muse. Walker forces us to see Celies undistorted emotions in the truest form possible as Celie writes her letters for idol, not an audience, allowing the letters to reflect her emotions, unplagued by an the States burdened by institutional racism and patriarchy. Thus, the letters highlight the psychological effects of sexual and societal subjugation, undistorted by the environment that submerges her. Walker presents African-American homes3 as parallel to white households, with the dominant male asserting power over the women and children, compar adapted to how the African-Americans were treated by the racist white golf-club of thirty-something America.4 Walker constipates to the tralatitious literary representation of African-American women5 in the novels inauguration, representing Walkers protagonist, as a victim of her society and environment. P sychologist Charles L. Proudfit, published, Celies Search for Identity A Psychoanalytic develop noetic Reading of Alice WalkersThe Color Purple.6, labeling Celie as having g star through with(predicate) the typical thought process a child ill-treatment victim. Celies first letter opens Dear God, I am fourteen years old. I am I have always been a good girl.7 Celie crosses out I am, changing the auxiliary verb to have, self-justifying her subjugation8, believe the abuse is deserved and her treatment is justified9. The auxiliary device is jarring to the reader as Celie believes only God will see the letters, yet she doesnt feel that she is a good girl, despite creation the most divine character in the novel, epitomised by Walker naming her Celie, a derivative of caelummeaning heaven in Latin. The crosswalk out I am reaffirms Proudfits analysis, she no longer believes that she is a good girl, but rather a tainted stain on the fabric of society reiterated by the usage of the past tens e, surrendering the forward image she had of herself. Walkers presentation of Celie suggests that she wholeheartedly believes that she is deserving of the abuse. Celie does not respond with rage to her subjugation initially, bowing to the agonistic potency of her Pa stating, sometimes it bees that way.10 Subsequently, validating the abuse she is receiving by crossing out her past self-image, replacing it with the new solemn view point. The understated nature to the brain change highlights the damaging psychological effects of the subjugation of women, a clear reference to Walkers driving quote. Celie thinks she has no power but in reality, Celie has more power than any unitary truly shafts. Walker includes this to show that only when a woman feeds up her power is when she is unfeignedly powerless, illuminated through the structure and deployment of specific language devices evoking a poignant response from both contemporary and contextual audiences.Comparably, in Margaret Atwo ods, The Handmaids Tale, the women are subjected to incomprehensible oppression. In the dystopic, fundamentalist administration, Gilead, the female characters are stripped of the individualism that truly makes them women, their identities quashed and cut to fit the agencys the government established to continue their patriarchal agenda. Atwood presents the abrasiveness of Gilead as a microcosm of everyday society in conjuncture with The Color Purple being representative of domestic life. Atwoods heroine, a female assigned as Offred, had the onerous burden of being a Handmaid assigned as a permutation to elitist, Serena and Fred Joy (alias, The Commander.) In her placement, Offred lost all freedoms she enjoyed pre-Gilead, replaced with set meals, activities and as a prerequisite of her role prearranged sexual intercourse sessions. Despite showing the dreadful conditions of Gilead, allegorically this can be interpreted as a social commentary from Atwood, representing patriarchal abu sive relationships. In these relationships, the misogynistic figure controls every facet of life with abuse not exclusively forcible. Instead, affecting every aspect of the recipients life, entailing financial and most destructively, mental abuse, with real and Gileadean society modelled close to the idea that, A rat in a maze is free to go anywhere, as long as it stays inside the maze11. Represented further by the prearranged ordinances of the Handmaids, akin to Celie, the Handmaids and the people stuck in real abusive relationships they cannot escape. Correspondingly, in many abusive relationships the recipients begin to think what they are facing is normal per se, rather than fighting, accepting their suffrage as something to be expected represented initially in both novels. Subsequently, relinquishing all power that they held reinforcing the idea of Alice Walker, psychological subjugation stretches into every single part of our lives, no matter where you go, you can never esca pe your own judgment. Prior to Gilead establishment, readers see Offred character as a rumbustious spirit, breaking free from societal norms, seen in Atwoods analeptic digressions from her unconventional relationship, meeting Luke at cheap hotels for sex. However, when delivered to Gilead she forgets the power that she holds, her perseverant psychological state is disintegrating with the threat of the Colonies12 reinforcing to the reader the idea Offred must mentally shackle herself adhere to the limitations of life established. Reflecting to the audience that authoritarian subjugation has the power to inflict so much fear that we strip ourselves of the desire to fight for the liberty and freedom that we k instanter is right. Highlighting the contrast between the protagonists, Offred is aware of her subjugation and is unable to rebel against it due to the likely backlash. Contrastingly, Celie, as aforementioned bulges accepting of her role as deserved, or inevitable alternativel y, Offred preaches passive resistance taking liberation from the psychological onslaught. This can be ascertained by the description of her existence as theatrical I stand on the corner pretending I am a tree.13 Here, Walker presents to the reader the resilience of women in the face of patriarchal subjugation, and reflects the quote of Walker. Offred refuses to give up her power as can be seen from the choice of verb pretend. Suggesting, as a woman she has not changed psychologically due to her subjugation, rather she must appear changed to survive separating herself from the image expected of her, never losing sight of how she perceives herself despite the indoctrination she is subjected to. Atwood encapsulates this by the comparison to a tree, trees perceiver throughout history, standing, unmoving, dependant on humans for preserving its life, merely like Offred. Alternatively, others readers may interpret this as, despite not being able to escape physically from its surroundings but can soar upwards in a higher place the small, damaging thoughts of man and survive unchangingly preserving its own identity, flourishing and blooming in the process. This is where we can see Offred, she conforms to the regime, but does not allow it to define her changing her self-perception, separating her physical and mental self. Offred understands she is just playing a role analogous to a tree, despite all that is going on around her she is able to stay blotto and unwavering in her quest to survive. The only way she can do this is by maintaining her mental strength and thus her power, despite the depravity circulating around her. Consequently, Atwood presents to the reader that Offred, despite not being a conventional literary hero -submitting outwardly to the regime- is unquestionably powerful, inspiring people in comparable real life positions, reinforcing the idea via tree imagery that by maintaining psychological strength she can never be felled.As aforementioned, Walke r presents Celie in accordance with the traditional representation of African-American women in literature timid, weak. Nevertheless, she undergoes a psychological transformation becoming an empowered woman, when she builds her relationship with the psychologically liberated Shug Avery. Prior to Averys arrival, Celie idolises her second to God alone. Shug becomes dependant on Celie whilst she nurses her, temporarily allowing Celie to feel equal to someone. In the process, Shug fills Celies emotional void she was deprived of, when Olivia was taken, Celie works on Shug like she a doll or like she Olivia.14 Walkers diction, utilising the common noun doll produces connotations of childhood and play. Therefore, its prevalence in the sentence could represent that Celie has been deprived of a childhood due to the subjugation she encountered, but now she has Shug as her dependant, she appears psychologically liberated. Accordingly, Walkers syntax metaphorically represents to the reader the evolution of Celies character development. This interpretation is reinforced by critic and psychologist Daniel W. Ross, Celie in the Looking Glass The hope for Selfhood in The Color Purple. Ross identifies the doll as a transitional device for girls developing in childhood, preparing for the nurturing roll that they will experience as future mothers. A modern reader may not interpret it this way as in the 21st century not all women want to grow up to have children. However, when published in 1982 this was the norm of society, especially within the context of a 1930s African-American community in the South. With Ross interpretation and understanding of Walkers intentions, one can see that when people have the support to break free they do. Celie has clearly begun to employ some of the psychological growth stunted in her childhood, Shugs front line and later friendship acts as a tool for Celie enabling her to continue maturing despite the subjugation targeted against her by Mr._____ _.In conjunction with Walker, Atwood portrays the psychological effects of subjugation on Offred as decreasingly damaging, with her resilience against the regime. The structure of Offreds internal dialogue as a palimpsest of past events embodies the idea that Gileadean attempts to indoctrinate psychologically, but has failed control their private cognitions. This theme is shown in Offreds description of the Lilies of the Valley and its previous function as a theatre, Students went there a lot women on their own, making up their minds We seemed to be able to choose, then.15 Atwoods analepsis represents to the reader despite the subjugation encountered in the patriarchy, a split way of life exists, almost as a vision of higher reality, identically to the role God and Nettie play for Celie. Despite these flashbacks being painful for Offred, by forcing herself to remember she keeps her power and the tenacity for survival. Atwood uses these flashbacks to show Offred rebelling against th e indoctrination as early as Chapter five backing a precedent for the rest of the novel, and for people in real life situations comparable to Celie. Chapter five is when Offred becomes aware of her subjugation and wants to fight it, following an encounter with Nipponese tourists, We are fascinated, but also repelled. They seem undressed. This shows immediately quickly from the attempt of the novel, the weak can be indoctrinated, if you are not strong and dont maintain your mental strength in the subjugating surroundings you will fall. Nevertheless, Atwood presents Offred as a macrocosm of all women with the idea that a woman always has the power to think no matter what situation she is in. We can see this with the realisation that follows Offreds quote I think I used to dress like that. That was freedom. NM3This quote explicitly highlights Offreds psychological development, from accepting the ideas promoted in Gilead to an outright pass upion of the philosophy of the role female s are supposed to undertake. The punctuation of this quote acts as an audible and visible barrier between the mind control of Gilead and the mental liberty that Offred desires. Atwood tactfully uses the colon in place of a comma to show the separation between her desire to think and the actual thoughts that she has. Atwoods presentation allows the reader to see the cognitive functions of her brain, rejecting the indoctrination that she had received at the red centre. Also, extenuating how far society has affected her that it takes time and effort to come to a judgement that she previously associated with on a material level. By opening this door, Atwood presents the idea that having make this initial rebellion, she is reclaiming her power and can move on to reject other elements of society. Shunning Aunt Lydias freedom from in favour of having the freedom to, and thus we can see a decrease in the psychological effects that the authoritarianism has on her. Hence, Atwoods reinforcemen t of Walkers theme, when one becomes mentally liberated from subjugation they gain the metamorphic ability to transform into an unstoppable entity with the power to continue your ad hominem insurgence.Celies psychological development, isnt dependent on Shug alone, she also learns to live alone and function as an independent woman comparable to Offred, just in a divergent society. Walker portrays Celie as conquering her subjugation gaining her freedom from the patriarchal society by taking control of her own life but not sacrificing her femininity in the process, as being strong and feminine two things often not mutually associated. Celie takes up sewing, traditionally a matriarchal chore for women who are confined to a domestic setting. But, Walker takes this and turns it into an outlet of expression, creativity and freedom as well as a lucrative business in the process, profiting on femininity. Despite being unrealistic that an African-American girl could make this monumental sh ift in her life, it should be remembered that these are not explicitly real people but rather representations of a wider narrative that the authors want to convey. When this is considered the deus ex machina is powerful symbolism representing, when women are psychologically liberated from subjugation anything is possible for anyone, promoting an idea of female expressionism and psychological advances. We gain this understanding as it exemplifies Walkers own beliefs on feminism and equality as she is a firm believer that femininity doesnt mean subjugation16. Reflected by Celies deliverance from subjugation through associating with female characters and partaking in feminine hobbies. If Celie gained her psychological strength by taking on something characteristically male, with men the reader would not have the same veneration towards Celie, breaking from societal convention. In a society dominated by men Celies unique femininity flourishes, showing that women do not need men to succe ed highlighting the importance of female cooperation and bonding. Professor Mae G. Henderson17 reinforces that its female bonding which restores a womens sense of completeness and independence Celie exemplifies the power and potential of this bonding. Celies business is metaphorical in the need for female empowerment, its her business and female bonding that has freed her and now she is gaining success Walker reflects this in her mental state. Therefore, the business acts as an important symbol in Celies psychological development. No longer does she feel she deserves the abuse described by Proudfit, comparably to Offred shes striving to create a better tomorrow for herself, reclaiming her mental power lost in her subjugation.Atwood concludes Offreds journey from victim to rebel through the cassette tapes. These recordings prove to Atwoods readers that Offreds consciousness and ability to remember her life prior to Gilead enables her to live on, never relinquishing the past. Whether Offred witnessed the fall of Gilead is left ambiguous, but she proves the regime didnt take her psychological strength. The tapes metaphorically represent her ability to be heard higher up the government, the indoctrination of the Aunts and the fear of The Eyes all unsuccessful in their psychological subjugation of Offred. Atwood presents that the attempts to psychologically subjugate Offred was never as strong as the desire of women to get the best the problems they are faced with. Similarly, Celies final letter shows the extent to which her character has developed across the breadth of the novel. The novel ends with the realisation that although her generation is growing older, the reunion with her children and Nettie has make her feel younger than ever providing psychological closure for the absence of childhood that she has endured. Now she can appreciate the virtue of youthfulness that was stripped from her at the start of the novel. Walker opened with a quote from Alphonse, You better not never tell nobody but God. Itd kill your mammy. Readers can see that in the opening parts of the novel Celie adheres to this subjugation and her letters are never titled to anyone other than God, showing how her voice was suppressed by her father. However, by the end of the novel Celie is talking to all things on earth and otherworldly breaking secular liminality Dear God. Dear stars, Dear trees, Dear sky, Dear peoples, Dear everything. Therefore, we can wee that Walker concludes her novel similarly to Atwood with both protagonists overcoming the psychological effects of their subjugators by allowing their voices to be freed. Howbeit, where the authors differ is through the legacy their characters leave behind in their messages, both can be seen as mutually optimistic consisting of the fall of Gilead, and a jubilant Celie reunited with her family, giving Celies tale a conclusive ending. But, Atwoods shows, whilst undeniable victories have been made for feminism, socie ty is electrostatic misogynistic, ascertained from the language used by Professor Pieixoto being almost identical to that being used in Gilead. Thus, whilst presenting the idea that when one woman is freed from the subjugation the next shall follow its still the job of her readers and to keep on fighting as society, despite becoming a long was is still patriarchal is not the answer reinforced by the fact that Offred rejected her mothers activism and consequently we are never sure if she enjoys liberation. The authors, via the protagonists take us on a subconscious journey through society with the first-person narrative. Allowing the reader to gain a own(prenominal) insight into what the individual stories represent, and the best way that the authors can do this is through psychological evaluation. As the brain is something we can never escape, both authors aim to educate the reader on the effects that subjugation has and how by coming unitedly women can defeat this and triumph ag ainst any challenge.Hit thisCritical evaluative applicationPresents a critical evaluative argument with sustained textual examples.Evaluates the effects of literary features with sophisticated use of concepts and terminology.Uses sophisticated structure and expression.Exhibits a critical evaluation of the ways meanings are shaped.Evaluates the effects of literary features and shows a sophisticated understanding of the writers craft.Presents a sophisticated evaluation and appreciation of meaning and influence of contextual factors.Makes sophisticated links between text and contexts.1 The Best Liberal Quotes Ever why the Left is Right (2004) by William P. Martin, p. 173.2 Later revealed not to be the biological father but at this stage of the novel all the reader and Celie cut alike is that he is Pa.3 //leading to criticism from many Critics as they believe that Walker gives an unrealisitic interpretation of African-American men making them seem barbarous.4 -25 Valerie Sweeney Princ e, Burnin Down the ingleside Home in African American Literature, New York Columbia University Press, 20056 Charles L. Proudfit, Celies Search for Identity A Psychoanalytic Developmental Reading of Alice Walkers The Color Purple, University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, JSTOR.7 Alice Walker, The Color Purple, Hachette UK, google books,p. 6.8 https//books.google.co.uk/books?id=jhPGJeTIIisCpg=PA182lpg=PA182dq=heroine+celiesource=blots=D1Y9ayFzjAsig=y2h-11mMOkKSFBJu_FiyItjcYxAhl=ensa=Xved=0ahUKEwjQnO2t4cfSAhWJA8AKHSULDs0Q6AEIPjAIv=onepageq=heroine%20celief=false come back to9 Charles L. Proudfit, Celies Search for Identity A Psychoanalytic Developmental Reading of Alice Walkers The Color Purple, University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, JSTOR. P. 17.1011 P. 1741213 Alice Walker, The Handmaids Tale, Random House, New York. P. 30.14 Color purple pg. 42.15 HT pg. 40.16 https//www.theguardian.com/books/2013/ cosset/09/alice-walker-beauty-in-truth-interview women, at this point, are comfortab le referring to themselves as guys, and basically erasing their femininity at every opportunity. I dont get it.17 S peaking in Tongues and Dancing DiasporaNM1AO1 Articulate informed, personal and creative responses to literary texts, using associated concepts and terminology, and coherent, accurate written expression. 26.7%AO2 Analyse ways in which meanings are shaped in literary texts. 26.7%AO3 Demonstrate understanding of the significance and influence of the contexts in which literary texts are written and received. 21.9%AO4 Explore connections across literary texts. 14%AO5 Explore literary texts informed by different interpretations. 11%NM2Handmaids tale society is so oppressiveSee Libby Barton for essay titleNM3Puritan link

Gold Strike, Relating To Cry, :: essays research papers

Gold dig union plans one-day Free State strikeAn article dated March 17, 2000NUM, or South Africas National Union of Mineworkers, is organizing a one-day strike at Free State gold mines. They are protesting the poverty and job losses from the mines. NUM is the countrys biggest mining union with 50,000 members, and on March 22 the strike would affect five gold companies AngloGold Ltd., Gold Fields Ltd., Harmony Gold Co., Avgold and African Rainbow Minerals. NUM spokesman Ikaneng Matlala didnt say, however, how umpteen members of the union would participate on the strike, but did say All the gold mines in the Free State gold fields are going to participate on a strike. The protest is against the gold mines because of the huge job losses in the last fifteen years. In 1987, gold, being the backbone of the economy, employed 530,000 miners. by and by the end of apartheid in 1994, South Africas economy was open to foreign competition, and the gold industry had to be restructured. The g old price has been decreasing as well, and instantly only 200,000 miners are employed. This current event relates to Alan Patons, Cry, the Beloved Country, because mining supported Johannesburg, and references were made to the mining industry throughout the book. Many characters voiced their opinion that it was the foul men that economically supported the white men in South Africa, and they were diseased and injured by it. That they worked for cheap, were exposed to dangers, and then when they needed medical oversight the non-European hospitals were less than inadequate. John Kumalo gave speeches on strikes against the gold mines. Gold was found in a new area, Odenaalrust, and the white men wanted to change the name because it was too hard to pronounce.

Internet Censorship Essay - Internet AccessShould be Restricted to Prot

Access to the Internet Should be Restricted to Protect Children We are now entering an age of computers where people father al just about unlimited access to information. There are entire books and encyclopedias that can be purchased for use on personal computers. Information such as commonplace prices to computer-aided design programs to entire business operations is being used and accessed through the power of the computer. This information is obtained through the thousands of computer programs out on the market, but most importantly, it is obtained by access to what is called the Internet. The Internet is the term for the ten thousand plus interconnected computer networks throughout the world that enable us to gather and diffuse any type of information almost instantly. For the 1.5 million computers and the 10 million plus users, the Internet gathers information easily and quickly by means of messages, newsgroups, parole groups, and conferences (rmuir, 94). Anyone who owns a computer and has the necessary software and hardware can have access to this infinite amount of information. This, of course, can include children. Right now children at the age of seven are speeeding down the information superhighway, accessing an almost unlimited amount of information. In fact, there are schools on the Internet with their own populace Wide Web homepages already. Unfortunately, some of this information isnt geared for children and can even be strictly for adults. Just as inappropriate material in books and magazines is regulated, there too should be some form of Internet regulation and ethics because children of secondary schools have access to any and all information including that information which is objectionable and ev... ...p//www.eff.org80/CAF/cafuiuc.html rmuirchs.cusd.claremont.edu FYI, RFC1578 -Schools and Internet, February 22,1994, http//chs.cusd.claremont.edu80/www/people/rmuir/rfc1578.html Abrahams, Janice. Janices k12 Cyberspace OUTPOST. Oct ober 1,1994. http//k12.cnidr.org/janice_k12/schools.html, http//k12.cnidr.org/janice_k12/menu.html The Family Resource Center in Santa Clara, California, Parents Helping Parents. October 25, 1994, http//www.portal.com80/cbntmkr/php.html Gore, Albert. Speech at Royce Hall, UCLA Los Angeles, CA. January 11, 1994. http//sunsite.unc.edu80/icky/speech2.html Morrison, Michael. calculating machine Writing and Research Center. University of Texas at Austin. Personal Interview. December 3,1994. Hoker, Delia. Computer Writing and Research Center. University of Texas at Austin. Personal Interview. December 3,1994.